<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ssmu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень сибирской медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Siberian Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-0363</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1819-3684</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20538/1682-0363-2018-1-15-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ssmu-1111</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Транскраниальная сонография при болезни Паркинсона</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transcranial sonography in Parkinson’s disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байбородина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bayborodina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Байбородина Ирина Васильевна, врач ультразвуковой диагностики, зав. отделением ультразвуковой диагностики.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bayborodina Irina V., Doctor of Ultrasonic Diagnostics, Head of the Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics.</p><p>32/2, Str. Korabelnaya, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 670000.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.baiborodina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завадовская</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavadovskaya</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Завадовская Вера Дмитриевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой лучевой диагностики и лучевой терапии.</p><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, 2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zavadovskaya Vera D., DM, Professor, Head of the Department of Radiation Diagnosis and Radiotherapy.</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жукова</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жукова Наталья Григорьевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор, кафедра неврологии и нейрохирургии.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhukova Natalia G., DM, Professor, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery.</p><p>2, Moscow Tract, 634050, Tomsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жукова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жукова Ирина Александровна, канд. мед. наук, доцент, кафедра неврологии и нейрохирургии.</p><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, 2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhukova Irina A., PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery.</p><p>2, Moscow Tract, 634050, Tomsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фетисова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fetisova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фетисова Татьяна Вячеславовна, врач-невролог.</p><p>670000, Республика Бурятия, г. Улан-Удэ, ул. Корабельная, 32/2 .</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fetisovа Tatiana V., Neurologist.</p><p>32/2, Str. Korabelnaya, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 670000.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яжинова</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yazhinova</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яжинова Вера Нимажаповна, врач-невролог.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yazhinova Faith N., Neurologist.</p><p>32/2, Str. Korabelnaya, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 670000.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Очирова</surname><given-names>Т. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ochirova</surname><given-names>T. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Очирова Татьяна Дашиевна, врач-невролог.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ochirova Tatiana D., Neurologist.</p><p>12, Pavlova Str., Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 670031.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Даниленко Андрей Викторович, врач-невролог.</p><p>670000, Республика Бурятия, г. Улан-Удэ, ул. Корабельная, 32/2 .</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danilenko Andrey V., Neurologist.</p><p>32/2, Str. Korabelnaya, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 670000.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басанова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Basanova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Басанова Анна Васильевна, гл. врач.</p><p>670000, Республика Бурятия, г. Улан-Удэ, ул. Корабельная, 32/2 .</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Basanova Anna V., Chief Doctor.</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зангеева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zangeeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зангеева Леанора Александровна, генеральный директор. </p><p>670000, Республика Бурятия, г. Улан-Удэ, ул. Корабельная, 32/2 .</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zangeeva Leanora A., General Director.</p><p>32/2, Str. Korabelnaya, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 670000.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клинико-диагностический центр «РИТМ».</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinical Diagnostic Center (CDC) “RITM”.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный медицинский университет (СибГМУ).</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Medical University (SSMU) .</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Республиканская клиническая больница им. Н.А. Семашко.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Clinical Hospital named after N.A. Semashko .</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Байбородина И.В., Завадовская В.Д., Жукова Н.Г., Жукова И.А., Фетисова Т.В., Яжинова В.Н., Очирова Т.Д., Даниленко А.В., Басанова А.В., Зангеева Л.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Байбородина И.В., Завадовская В.Д., Жукова Н.Г., Жукова И.А., Фетисова Т.В., Яжинова В.Н., Очирова Т.Д., Даниленко А.В., Басанова А.В., Зангеева Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bayborodina I.V., Zavadovskaya V.D., Zhukova N.G., Zhukova I.A., Fetisova T.V., Yazhinova V.N., Ochirova T.D., Danilenko A.V., Basanova A.V., Zangeeva L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/1111">https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/1111</self-uri><abstract><p>Сложность дифференциальной диагностики болезни Паркинсона на начальных и доклинических стадиях требует поиска информативных, инструментальных методов исследования. Наряду с магнитнорезонансной томографией в последние годы для диагностики болезни Паркинсона большое внимание уделяется ультразвуковому исследованию, в частности транскраниальной сонографии (ТКС), состояния черной субстанции головного мозга. Несмотря на широкое обсуждение результатов ультразвукового исследования при болезни Паркинсона, остаются дискутабельными вопросы динамики феномена гиперэхогенности черной субстанции в зависимости от клинических форм и стадии заболевания.</p><p>Целью настоящего исследования является изучение вариантов изменений черной субстанции головного мозга по данным ТКС у пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона в зависимости от клинической формы и стадии заболевания.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследованы 100 пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона методом ТКС через височное окно с применением ультразвукового сканера Toshiba Aplio 500 (Япония) с помощью секторного датчика с частотой 2,5 мГц.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлено, что асимметричный вариант изменений черной субстанции превалировал в каждой клинической группе больных и чаще регистрировался при акинетико-ригидной форме, наибольшие изменения наблюдали во II и III стадии болезни.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite a broad discussion of the results of ultrasound in Parkinson disease, the dynamics of hyperechoinality of the substantia nigra based on the clinical forms and stages of the disease remains controversial.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to study thechanges in the substantia nigra of the brain based on the clinical form and stage using an ultrasound in patients with Parkinson’s disease.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study involved 100 patients with Parkinson’s disease whom were scanned using transcranial sonography through the temporal window with the use of ultrasound scanner Toshiba Aplio 500 (Japan) with a sector transducer with a frequency of 2,5 мGz.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was found that the asymmetric variant of changes in the black substance prevailed in each clinical group of patients and was more often recorded with akinetic-rigid form and the greatest changes were observed in the stages  II and III of the disease. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>транскраниальная сонография</kwd><kwd>черная субстанция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Parkinson</kwd><kwd>s disease</kwd><kwd>transcranial sonography</kwd><kwd>substantia nigra</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жукова И.А., Жукова Н.Г., Ижболдина О.П., Никити- на М.А., Алифирова В.М. Анализ методов оценки обоняния у пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Неврология и психиатрия пожилого возраста. 2015; 2: 47–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukova I.A., Zhukova N.G., Izhboldina O.P., Nikitina M.A., Alifirova V.М. Analysis of methods for assessing olfaction in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Nevrologiya i psikhiatriya pozhilogo vozrasta – Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. S.S. Korsakov. Neurology and psychiatry of advanced age. 2015; 2: 47–52 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker С., Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders: Perspectives for transcranial ultrasound. Mov. Disord. 2001; 16: 23–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker С., Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders: Perspectives for transcranial ultrasound. Mov. Disord. 2001; 16: 23–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Godau J., Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 1044–1055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Godau J., Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 1044–1055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puts I., Berg D., Maeurer M. Transcranial sonography of the brain parenchyma: Comparison of B-mode imaging and tissue harmonic imaging. Ultrasound. Med. Biol. 2000; 26: 189–194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puts I., Berg D., Maeurer M. Transcranial sonography of the brain parenchyma: Comparison of B-mode imaging and tissue harmonic imaging. Ultrasound. Med. Biol. 2000; 26: 189–194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Hochstrasser H. Iron metabolism in parkinsonian syndromes. Mov. Disord. 2011; 21: 1299–1310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Hochstrasser H. Iron metabolism in parkinsonian syndromes. Mov. Disord. 2011; 21: 1299–1310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Весk G., Seuferl J., Bogdahn U. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinsons disease visualized by transkranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology. 2013; 45; 182–184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Весk G., Seuferl J., Bogdahn U. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinsons disease visualized by transkranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology. 2013; 45; 182–184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyoo C.H., Ryu Y.H., Lee M.S.J. Cerebral cortical areas in which thickness correlates with severity of motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2011; 258: 1871–1876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyoo C.H., Ryu Y.H., Lee M.S.J. Cerebral cortical areas in which thickness correlates with severity of motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2011; 258: 1871–1876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Труфанов А.Г., Литвиненко И.В., Воронков Л.В., Ра- мешвилли Т.Е. Деменция при болезни Паркинсона: роль атрофических изменений коры и возможности прогноза с помощью магнитно-резонансной морфометрии. Вестник Российской военно-медицинской академии. 2012; 3: 116–123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Truphanov A.G., Litvinenko I.V., Voronkov L.V., Rameshvilli T.E. Dementia in Parkinson’s disease: the role of atrophic cortical changes and the possibility of prognosis with the help of magnetic resonance morphometry.  Vestnik Rossiyskoy voyenno-meditsinskoy akademii – Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2012; 3: 116–123 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чечеткин А.О. Транскраниальное ультразвуковое сканирование мозга при болезни Паркинсона. Визуализация в клинике. 2000; 17: 45–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chechetkin A.O. Transcranial ultrasound scanning of the brain in Parkinson’s disease. Visualization in the clinic. Vizualizatsiya v klinike – Visualization in the clinic. 2000; 17: 45–48 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Behnke S., Walter U. Application of transcranial Sonography in extrapyramidal disorder: Updated Recommendation. Ultraschall Med. 2009; 27: 12–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Behnke S., Walter U. Application of transcranial Sonography in extrapyramidal disorder: Updated Recommendation. Ultraschall Med. 2009; 27: 12–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker С., Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders: Perspectives for transcranial ultrasound. Mov. Disord. 2011; 16: 23–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker С., Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders: Perspectives for transcranial ultrasound. Mov. Disord. 2011; 16: 23–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Roggendorf W., Schroeder U. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: Association with increased iron content and marker forsusceptibility to nigrostriatal injury. Arch. Neurol. 2002; 59: 999–1005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Roggendorf W., Schroeder U. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: Association with increased iron content and marker forsusceptibility to nigrostriatal injury. Arch. Neurol. 2002; 59: 999–1005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morrish P.K., Sawle G.V., Brooks D.J. An 18F-dopa PET and clinical study of the rate of progression in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 1996; 119: 223–591.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morrish P.K., Sawle G.V., Brooks D.J. An 18F-dopa PET and clinical study of the rate of progression in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 1996; 119: 223–591.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D. Disturbans of iron metabolism as a contributing factor to SN hiperechogenicity in Parkinsons disease: implicaty ons for idiopathic end monogenetic forms. Neurogem. Res. 2010; 32: 1646–1654.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D. Disturbans of iron metabolism as a contributing factor to SN hiperechogenicity in Parkinsons disease: implicaty ons for idiopathic end monogenetic forms. Neurogem. Res. 2010; 32: 1646–1654.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федотова Е.Ю., Чечеткин А.О., Шадрина М.И. Транскраниальная сонография при болезни Паркинсона. Журнал неврология и психиатрия. 2011; 111: 49–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedotova E.Yu., Chechetkin A.O., Shadrina M.I. Transcranial sonography in Parkinson’s disease. Zhurnal nevrologiya i psikhiatriya – Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2011; 111: 49–55 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубев В.Л., Левин Я.И., Вейн А.М. Болезнь Паркинсона и синдром паркинсонизма. М.: МЕДпресс-Информ, 2010: 416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golubev V.L., Levin Ya.I., Vein A.M. Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s syndrome. M.: MEDpress-Inform Publ., 2010: 416 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Razdorskaya V.V., Yudina G.K., Voskresenskaya O.N. Clinical efficiency of symptomatic therapy of an atypical variant of hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy. 15 Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies EFNS, 2011: 522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razdorskaya V.V., Yudina G.K., Voskresenskaya O.N. Clinical efficiency of symptomatic therapy of an atypical variant of hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy. 15 Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies EFNS, 2011: 522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Siefker C., Becker G. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease and its relation to clinical findings. J. Neurol. 2001; 8: 429–433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Siefker C., Becker G. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease and its relation to clinical findings. J. Neurol. 2001; 8: 429–433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юдина В.В., Воскресенская О.Н., Юдина Г.К. Особенности постинсультного варианта сосудистого паркинсонизма. Актуальные вопросы практической нейрохирургии: материалы юбилейной научно-практической конференции. Балаково, 2009: 172–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yudina V.V., Voskresenskaya O.N., Yudina G.K. Peculiarities of poststroke variant of vascular parkinsonism. Actual questions of practical neurosurgery: мaterials of the jubilee scientific and practical conference.  Balakovo, 2009: 172–174 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Behnke S., Walter U. Application of transcranial Sonography in extrapyramidal disorder: Updated Recommendation. Ultraschall. Med. 2009; 27: 12–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Behnke S., Walter U. Application of transcranial Sonography in extrapyramidal disorder: Updated Recommendation. Ultraschall. Med. 2009; 27:  12–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg D., Roggendorf W., Schroder U.Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibilit to nigrostriatal injury. Arch. Neurol. 2012; 59: 999–1050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg D., Roggendorf W., Schroder U.Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibilit to nigrostriatal injury. Arch. Neurol. 2012; 59: 999–1050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
