<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ssmu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень сибирской медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Siberian Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-0363</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1819-3684</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20538/1682-0363-2018-3-207-216</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ssmu-1300</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидемиология фармакорезистентной эпилепсии у взрослых</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology of drug resistant epilepsy in adults</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Народова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Narodova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Народова Екатерина Андреевна - кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент, кафедра нервных болезней с курсом медицинской реабилитации.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Narodova Ekaterina A. - PhD, Division of Nervous Diseases and Medical Rehabilitation.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katya_n2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнайдер</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnayder</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шнайдер Наталья Алексеевна - докторр медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой медицинской генетики и клинической нейрофизиологии.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shnayder Natalia A. - DM, Professor, Head of the Division of Medical Genetics and Clinical Neurophysiology.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокопенко</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokopenko</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прокопенко Семен Владимирович - докторр медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой нервных болезней с курсом медицинской реабилитации.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prokopenko Semyon V. - DM, Professor, Head of the Division of Nervous Diseases and Medical Rehabilitation.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Народова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Narodova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Народова Валерия Вячеславовна - докторр медицинских наук, профессор, кафедра нервных болезней с курсом медицинской реабилитации.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Narodova Valeriya V. - DM, Professor, Division of Nervous diseases and Medical Rehabilitation.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Народов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Narodov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Народов Андрей Аркадьевич - докторр медицинских наук, профессор, кафедра травматологии, ортопедии и нейрохирургии с курсом ПО.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Narodov Andrey A. - DM, Professor, Division of Traumatology, Orthopedic, and Neurosurgery.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитренко</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrenko</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитренко Диана Викторовна - докторр медицинских наук, доцент, кафедра медицинской генетики и клинической нейрофизиологии.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrenko Diana V. - DM, Associate Professor, Division of Medical Genetics and Clinical Neurophysiology.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет (КГМУ) им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical Universit (KSMU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>207</fpage><lpage>216</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Народова Е.А., Шнайдер Н.А., Прокопенко С.В., Народова В.В., Народов А.А., Дмитренко Д.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Народова Е.А., Шнайдер Н.А., Прокопенко С.В., Народова В.В., Народов А.А., Дмитренко Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Narodova E.A., Shnayder N.A., Prokopenko S.V., Narodova V.V., Narodov A.A., Dmitrenko D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/1300">https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/1300</self-uri><abstract><p>В данном обзоре рассмотрены вопросы эпидемиологии фармакорезистентной эпилепсии у взрослого населения в России и за рубежом. Литературный поиск проводился в отечественной и зарубежных базах данных за период 2010–2017 гВ настоящий обзор были включены только полнотекстовые издания в количестве 66. По результатам поиска выявлено, что, несмотря на достижения клинической фармакологии, разработку новых противоэпилептических препаратов, проблема фармакорезистентной эпилепсии остается не до конца разрешенной и сегодня.  В пользу этого говорит достаточно высокая частота распространенности пациентов  с фармакорезистентной к противоэпилептической терапии эпилепсией в мире.  Так, средняя частота распространенности данного заболевания варьирует от 30 до 70% в зависимости от типа эпилепсии и фоновой патологии, являющейся причиной симптоматической эпилепсии. Однако, мы столкнулись с проблемой отсутствия как в России, так и за рубежом крупных мультицентровых исследований, посвященных эпидемиологии фармакорезистентной эпилепсии за анализируемый период времени. Также оказалась актуальной проблема отсутствия единой дефиниции данного заболевания, что, вероятно, и является одной из причин отсутствия достаточного количества эпидемиологических исследований фармакорезистентной эпилепсии в разных странах мира.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review examines the epidemiology of drug resistant epilepsy in adults in Russia and abroad. References were taken from Russian and foreign databases for the period from 2010–2017. Only full-text publications (66) were included in this review. We concluded that the despite the achievements of clinical pharmacology and the development of new antiepileptic drugs, the problem of drug resistant epilepsy remains not fully resolved today. The worldwide high prevalence rate of patients with drug resistant epilepsy substantiates the problem. Thus, the average incidence of this disease varies from 30% to 70%, depending on the type of epilepsy and background pathology, which is the cause of symptomatic epilepsy. However, we have faced the problem of the absence both in Russia and abroad of large multicenter studies on the epidemiology of drug resistant epilepsy in the analyzed period of time. We have also revealed the lack of a unified definition of the disease, which is probably one of the reasons for the insufficient number of epidemiological studies of drug resistant epilepsy in different countries of the world.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>симптоматическая фокальная эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>фармакорезистентность</kwd><kwd>фармакорезистентная эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>взрослые</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>symptomatic focal epilepsy</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>drug resistant epilepsy</kwd><kwd>adults</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjee P.N., Filippi D., Allen Hauser W. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy – a review. Epilepsy Res. 2009; 85 (1): 31–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjee P.N., Filippi D., Allen Hauser W. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy – a review. Epilepsy Res. 2009; 85 (1): 31–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Picot M.C., Baldy-Moulinier M., Daurès J.P., Dujols P., Crespel A. The prevalence of epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults: a population-based study in a Western European country. Epilepsia. 2008; 49 (7): 1230– 1238. DOI:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01579.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Picot M.C., Baldy-Moulinier M., Daurès J.P., Dujols P., Crespel A. The prevalence of epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults: a population-based study in a Western European country. Epilepsia. 2008; 49 (7): 1230– 1238. DOI:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01579.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laxer K.D., Trinka E., Hirsch L.J., Cendes F., Langfitt J., Delanty N., Resnick T., Benbadis S.R. The consequences of refractory epilepsy and its treatment. Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 37: 59–70. DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laxer K.D., Trinka E., Hirsch L.J., Cendes F., Langfitt J., Delanty N., Resnick T., Benbadis S.R. The consequences of refractory epilepsy and its treatment. Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 37: 59–70. DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwan P., Arzimanoglou A., Berg A.T., Brodie M.J., Allen Hauser W., Mathern G., Moshé S.L., Perucca E., Wiebe S., French J. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (6): 1069–1077 [Erratum in: Epilepsia 2010; 51: 1922]. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwan P., Arzimanoglou A., Berg A.T., Brodie M.J., Allen Hauser W., Mathern G., Moshé S.L., Perucca E., Wiebe S., French J. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (6): 1069–1077 [Erratum in: Epilepsia 2010; 51: 1922]. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg A.T., Levy S.R., Testa F.M., D’Souza R. Remission of epilepsy after two drug failures in children: a prospective study. Ann. Neurol. 2009; 65 (5): 510–519. DOI:10.1002/ana.21642.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg A.T., Levy S.R., Testa F.M., D’Souza R. Remission of epilepsy after two drug failures in children: a prospective study. Ann. Neurol. 2009; 65 (5): 510–519. DOI:10.1002/ana.21642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sillanpää M., Schmidt D. Is incident drug-resistance of childhood-onset epilepsy reversible? A long-term follow-up study. Brain. 2012; 135 (Pt. 7): 2256–2262. DOI:10.1093/brain/aws062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sillanpää M., Schmidt D. Is incident drug-resistance of childhood-onset epilepsy reversible? A long-term follow-up study. Brain. 2012; 135 (Pt. 7): 2256–2262. DOI:10.1093/brain/aws062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiller Y. Seizure relapse and development of drug resistance following long-term seizure remission. Arch. Neurol. 2009; 66 (10): 1233–1239. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiller Y. Seizure relapse and development of drug resistance following long-term seizure remission. Arch. Neurol. 2009; 66 (10): 1233–1239. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiebe S., Blume W.T., Girvin J.P., Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 345 (5): 311–318. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200108023450501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiebe S., Blume W.T., Girvin J.P., Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 345 (5): 311–318. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200108023450501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engel J.Jr., McDermott M.P., Wiebe S., Langfitt J.T., Stern J.M., Dewar S., Sperling M.R., Gardiner I., Erba G., Fried I., Jacobs M., Vinters H.V., Mintzer S., Kieburtz K. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012; 307 (9): 922– 930. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engel J.Jr., McDermott M.P., Wiebe S., Langfitt J.T., Stern J.M., Dewar S., Sperling M.R., Gardiner I., Erba G., Fried I., Jacobs M., Vinters H.V., Mintzer S., Kieburtz K. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012; 307 (9): 922– 930. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobesberger J., Walser G., Unterberger I., Seppi K., Kuchukhidze G., Larch J., Bauer G., Bodner T., Falkenstetter T., Ortler M., Luef G., Trinka E. Video-EEG monitoring: safety and adverse events in 507 consecutive patients. Epilepsia. 2011; 52 (3): 443–452. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02782.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobesberger J., Walser G., Unterberger I., Seppi K., Kuchukhidze G., Larch J., Bauer G., Bodner T., Falkenstetter T., Ortler M., Luef G., Trinka E. Video-EEG monitoring: safety and adverse events in 507 consecutive patients. Epilepsia. 2011; 52 (3): 443–452. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02782.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hedegärd E., Bjellvi J., Edelvik A., Rydenhag B., Flink R., Malmgren K. Complications to invasive epilepsy surgery workup with subdural and depth electrodes: a prospective population-based observational study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2014; 85 (7): 716–720. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hedegärd E., Bjellvi J., Edelvik A., Rydenhag B., Flink R., Malmgren K. Complications to invasive epilepsy surgery workup with subdural and depth electrodes: a prospective population-based observational study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2014; 85 (7): 716–720. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehling R., Dobesberger J., Unterberger I., Benke T., Gotwald T., Ortler M., Berger T., Trinka E. Selective amydalo-hippocampectomy as a potential trigger for disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2011; 113 (2): 136–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehling R., Dobesberger J., Unterberger I., Benke T., Gotwald T., Ortler M., Berger T., Trinka E. Selective amydalo-hippocampectomy as a potential trigger for disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2011; 113 (2): 136–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Endo Y., Saito Y., Otsuki T., Takahashi A., Nakata Y., Okada K., Hirozane M., Kaido T., Kaneko Y., Takada E., Okazaki T., Enokizno T., Saito T., Komaki H., Nakagawa E., Sugai K., Sasaki M. Persistent verbal and behavioral deficits after resection of the left supplementary motor area in epilepsy surgery. Brain Dev. 2014; 36 (1): 74–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.01.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Endo Y., Saito Y., Otsuki T., Takahashi A., Nakata Y., Okada K., Hirozane M., Kaido T., Kaneko Y., Takada E., Okazaki T., Enokizno T., Saito T., Komaki H., Nakagawa E., Sugai K., Sasaki M. Persistent verbal and behavioral deficits after resection of the left supplementary motor area in epilepsy surgery. Brain Dev. 2014; 36 (1): 74–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.01.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiadis I., Kapsalaki E.Z., Fountas K.N. Temporal lobe resective surgery for medically intractable epilepsy: a review of complications and side effects. Epilepsy Res. Treat. 2013: 752195. DOI: 10.1155/2013/752195 [E-pub ahead of print 2013 Oct. 31].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadis I., Kapsalaki E.Z., Fountas K.N. Temporal lobe resective surgery for medically intractable epilepsy: a review of complications and side effects. Epilepsy Res. Treat. 2013: 752195. DOI: 10.1155/2013/752195 [E-pub ahead of print 2013 Oct. 31].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roth J., Carlson C., Devinsky O., Harter D.H., Macallister W.S., Weiner H.L. Safety of Staged Epilepsy Surgery in Children. Neurosurgery. 2014; 74 (2): 154–162. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roth J., Carlson C., Devinsky O., Harter D.H., Macallister W.S., Weiner H.L. Safety of Staged Epilepsy Surgery in Children. Neurosurgery. 2014; 74 (2): 154–162. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hao X., Goldberg D., Kelly K., Stephen L., Kwan P., Brodie M.J. Uncontrolled epilepsy is not necessarily the same as drug-resistant epilepsy: differences between populations with newly diagnosed epilepsy and chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 29 (1): 4–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.06.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hao X., Goldberg D., Kelly K., Stephen L., Kwan P., Brodie M.J. Uncontrolled epilepsy is not necessarily the same as drug-resistant epilepsy: differences between populations with newly diagnosed epilepsy and chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 29 (1): 4–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.06.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chadwick D., Smith D. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy. BMJ. 2002; 324 (7336): 495–496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chadwick D., Smith D. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy. BMJ. 2002; 324 (7336): 495–496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanner A.M. Common errors made in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Semin. Neurol. 2008; 28 (3): 364– 378. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1079341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanner A.M. Common errors made in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Semin. Neurol. 2008; 28 (3): 364– 378. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1079341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leach J.P., Lauder R., Nicolson A., Smith D.F. Epilepsy in the UK: misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and undertreatment? The Wrexham area epilepsy project. Seizure. 2005; 14 (7): 514–520. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2005.08.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leach J.P., Lauder R., Nicolson A., Smith D.F. Epilepsy in the UK: misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and undertreatment? The Wrexham area epilepsy project. Seizure. 2005; 14 (7): 514–520. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2005.08.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwan P., Schachter S.C., Brodie M.J. Drug-resistant epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365 (10): 919–926. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1004418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwan P., Schachter S.C., Brodie M.J. Drug-resistant epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365 (10): 919–926. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1004418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маматханов М.Р., Лебедев К.Э., Себелев К.И. Нейровизуализация при хирургическом лечении медикаментозно-резистентной ýпилепсии у детей. Нейрохирургия и неврология детского возраста. 2011; (3): 10–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamatkhanov M.R., Lebedev K.E., Sebelev K.I. Neuroimaging in the surgical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. Pediatric Neurosurgery and Neurology. 2011; (3): 10–17 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия у детей и взрослых, женщин и мужчин: руководство для врачей. М.: Медицина, 2010: 720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlov V.A. Epilepsy in children and adults, women and men: a guide for doctors. M.: Medicina Publ., 2010: 720 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рудакова И.Г., Белова Ю.А., Котов А.С. Фармакорезистентная ýпилепсия поддается лечению. Вестник эпилептологии. 2013; (1): 3–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudakova I.G., Belova Ju.A., Kotov A.S. Drug resistant epilepsy is treatable. Vestnik jepileptologii. 2013; (1): 3–7 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi L.L., Dong J., Ni H., Geng J., Wu T. Felbamate as an add-on therapy for refractory epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev. 2014; (7): CD008295. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008295.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi L.L., Dong J., Ni H., Geng J., Wu T. Felbamate as an add-on therapy for refractory epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev. 2014; (7): CD008295. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008295.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pati S., Alexopoulos A.V. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy: from pathogenesis to current and emerging therapies. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 2010; 77 (7): 457–467. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09061.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pati S., Alexopoulos A.V. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy: from pathogenesis to current and emerging therapies. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 2010; 77 (7): 457–467. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09061.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murgia F., Muroni A., Puligheddu M., Polizzi L., Barberini L., Orofino G., Solla P., Poddighe S., Del Carratore F., Griffin J.L., Atzori L., Marrosu F. Metabolomics аs a tool for the сharacterization of drug-resistant еpilepsy. Front. Neurol. 2017; (8): 459. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murgia F., Muroni A., Puligheddu M., Polizzi L., Barberini L., Orofino G., Solla P., Poddighe S., Del Carratore F., Griffin J.L., Atzori L., Marrosu F. Metabolomics аs a tool for the сharacterization of drug-resistant еpilepsy. Front. Neurol. 2017; (8): 459. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abimbola S., Martiniuk A.L., Hackett M.L., Anderson C.S. The influence of design and definition on the proportion of general epilepsy cohorts with remission and intractability. Neuroepidemiology. 2011; 36 (3): 204–212. DOI: 10.1159/000327497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abimbola S., Martiniuk A.L., Hackett M.L., Anderson C.S. The influence of design and definition on the proportion of general epilepsy cohorts with remission and intractability. Neuroepidemiology. 2011; 36 (3): 204–212. DOI: 10.1159/000327497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авакян Г.Н. Вопросы современной ýпилептологии. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2015; 7 (4): 16–21. DOI: 10.17749/2077-8333.2015.7.4.016-021. DOI: 10.17749/2077-8333.2015.7.4.016-021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avakyan G.N. Issues of modern epileptology. Epilepsia and Paroxyzmal Conditions. 2015; 7 (4): 16–21.  (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17749/2077-8333.2015.7.4.016-021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moshé S.L., Perucca E., Ryvlin P., Tomson T. Epilepsy: new advances. Lancet. 2015; 385 (9971): 884–898. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60456-6. 30. Shorvon S.D. Handbook of еpilepsy treatment. Singapore: 3rd ed. N.Y.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010: 431. DOI: 10.1002/9781444325201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moshé S.L., Perucca E., Ryvlin P., Tomson T. Epilepsy: new advances. Lancet. 2015; 385 (9971): 884–898. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60456-6. 30. Shorvon S.D. Handbook of еpilepsy treatment. Singapore: 3rd ed. N.Y.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010: 431. DOI: 10.1002/9781444325201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер Н.А., Пилюгина М.С., Дмитренко Д.В., Шматова Е.Н., Ерыкалова С.А. Персонифицированный подход к лечению ýпилепсии путь к снижению случаев фармакорезистентности. Биомедицина. 2010; (3): 172–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder N.A., Pilyugina M.S., Dmitrenko D.V., Shmatova E.N., Erykalova S.A. The personalized approach to the epilepsy treatment reduces the incidence of drug resistance. Biomedicine. 2010; (3): 172–174 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насырова Р.Ф., Сивакова Н.А., Липатова Л.В., Иващенко Д.В., Сосина К.А., Дроков А.П., Шнайдер Н.А. Биологические маркеры ýффективности и безопасности противоýпилептических препаратов: фармакогенетика и фармакокинетика. Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2017; 1 (100): 17–25. DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2017-1-17-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasyrova R.F., Sivakova N.A., Lipatova L.V., Ivashchenko D.V., Sosina K.A.,Drokov A.P., Shnayder N.A. Biological markers of the antiepileptic drugs efficacy and safety: pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics. Siberian Medical Review. 2017; (1): 17–25 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2017-1-17-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер Н.А., Дмитренко Д.В., Говорина Ю.Б., Муравьева А.В., Котловский Ю.В., Бочанова Е.Н., Фатеева Е.А., Дедюк Н.А., Мустафаева А.В. Влияние полиморфизмов гена CYP2C9 на уровень вальпроевой кислоты в крови у женщин репродуктивного возраста с ýпилепсией. Фармакогенетика и фармакогеномика. 2015; (2): 24–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schnayder N.A., Dmitrenko D.V., Govorina Y.B., Muraveva A.V., Kotlovsky J.V., Bochanova E.N., Fateeva E.A., Dedyuk N.A., Mustafayeva A.V. Effect of polymorphisms in the CYP2C9 gene on valproic acid levels in the blood of women’s in a reproductive age with epilepsy. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics. 2015; (2): 24–28 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крыжановский Г.Н. Общая патофизиология нервной системы: руководство. М.: Медицина, 1997: 352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kryzhanovskij G.N. General pathophysiology of the nervous system: guidance. Moskow: Medicina Publ., 1997: 352 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goddard G.V. Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. Nature. 1967; 214 (5092): 1020–1021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goddard G.V. Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. Nature. 1967; 214 (5092): 1020–1021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato M., Nakashima T. Kindling: secondary epileptogenesis, sleep and catecholamines. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1975; 2 (4): 439–446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato M., Nakashima T. Kindling: secondary epileptogenesis, sleep and catecholamines. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1975; 2 (4): 439–446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohanraj R., Brodie M.J. Early predictors of outcome in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Seizure. 2013; 22 (5): 333– 344. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.02.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohanraj R., Brodie M.J. Early predictors of outcome in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Seizure. 2013;  22 (5): 333– 344. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.02.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trinka E., Bauer G., Oberaigner W., Ndayisaba J.P., Seppi K., Granbichler C.A. Cause-specific mortality among patients with epilepsy: results from a 30-year cohort study. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (3): 495–501. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trinka E., Bauer G., Oberaigner W., Ndayisaba J.P., Seppi K., Granbichler C.A. Cause-specific mortality among patients with epilepsy: results from a 30-year cohort study. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (3): 495–501. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg A.T., Nickels K., Wirrell E.C., Geerts A.T., Callenbach P.M., Arts W.F., Rios C., Camfield P.R., Camfield C.S. Mortality risks in new-onset childhood epilepsy. Pediatrics. 2013; 132 (1): 124–131. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-3998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg A.T., Nickels K., Wirrell E.C., Geerts A.T., Callenbach P.M., Arts W.F., Rios C., Camfield P.R., Camfield C.S. Mortality risks in new-onset childhood epilepsy. Pediatrics. 2013; 132 (1): 124–131. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-3998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding D., Wang W., Wu J., Yang H., Li S., Dai X., Yang B., Wang T., Yuan C., Ma G., Bell G.S., Kwan P., de Boer H.M., Hong Z., Sander J.W. Premature mortality risk in people with convulsive epilepsy: long follow-up of a cohort in rural China. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (3): 512–517. DOI:10.1111/epi.12048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding D., Wang W., Wu J., Yang H., Li S., Dai X., Yang B., Wang T., Yuan C., Ma G., Bell G.S., Kwan P., de Boer H.M., Hong Z., Sander J.W. Premature mortality risk in people with convulsive epilepsy: long follow-up of a cohort in rural China. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (3): 512–517. DOI:10.1111/epi.12048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fazel S., Wolf A., Lеngström N., Newton C.R., Lichtenstein P. Premature mortality in epilepsy and the role of psychiatric comorbidity: a total population study. Lancet. 2013; 382 (9905): 1646–1654. DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(13)60899-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fazel S., Wolf A., Lеngström N., Newton C.R., Lichtenstein P. Premature mortality in epilepsy and the role of psychiatric comorbidity: a total population study. Lancet. 2013; 382 (9905): 1646–1654. DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(13)60899-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holst A.G., Winkel B.G., Risgaard B., Nielsen J.B., Rasmussen P.V., Haunsø S., Sabers A., Uldall P., Tfelt-Hansen J. Epilepsy and risk of death and sudden unexpected death in the young: a nationwide study. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (9): 1613–1620. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holst A.G., Winkel B.G., Risgaard B., Nielsen J.B., Rasmussen P.V., Haunsø S., Sabers A., Uldall P., Tfelt-Hansen J. Epilepsy and risk of death and sudden unexpected death in the young: a nationwide study. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (9): 1613–1620. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nevalainen O., Raitanen J., Ansakorpi H., Artama M., Isojärvi J., Auvinen A. Long-term mortality risk by cause of death in newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy in Finland: a nationwide register-based study. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 28 (12): 981–990. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-0139848-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nevalainen O., Raitanen J., Ansakorpi H., Artama M., Isojärvi J., Auvinen A. Long-term mortality risk by cause of death in newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy in Finland: a nationwide register-based study. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 28 (12): 981–990. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-0139848-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novy J., Belluzzo M., Caboclo L.O., Catarino C.B., Yogarajah M., Martinian L., Peacock J.L., Bell G.S., Koepp M.J., Thom M., Sander J.W., Sisodiya S.M. The lifelong course of chronic epilepsy: the Chalfont experience. Brain. 2013; 136 (Pt 10): 3187–3199. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novy J., Belluzzo M., Caboclo L.O., Catarino C.B., Yogarajah M., Martinian L., Peacock J.L., Bell G.S., Koepp M.J., Thom M., Sander J.W., Sisodiya S.M. The lifelong course of chronic epilepsy: the Chalfont experience. Brain. 2013; 136 (Pt 10): 3187–3199. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shorvon S.D., Goodridge D.M. Longitudinal cohort studies of the prognosis of epilepsy: contribution of the National General Practice Study of Epilepsy and other studies. Brain. 2013; 136 (11): 3497–3510. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shorvon S.D., Goodridge D.M. Longitudinal cohort studies of the prognosis of epilepsy: contribution of the National General Practice Study of Epilepsy and other studies. Brain. 2013; 136 (11): 3497–3510. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sillanpää M., Shinnar S. SUDEP and other causes ofmortality in childhood-onset epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 28 (2): 249–255. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.04.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sillanpää M., Shinnar S. SUDEP and other causes ofmortality in childhood-onset epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 28 (2): 249–255. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.04.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">So E. Summary of Session I: Mortality in Epilepsy [Electronic resource]. In: Partners Against Mortality in Epilepsy Conference Summary. Epilepsy Curr. 2013; 13 (2): 6–8. URL: https://www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/Epilepsy%20Currents%2013-s2-1%20PAME%20supplement.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">So E. Summary of Session I: Mortality in Epilepsy [Electronic resource]. In: Partners Against Mortality in Epilepsy Conference Summary. Epilepsy Curr. 2013; 13 (2): 6–8. URL: https://www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/Epilepsy%20Currents%2013-s2-1%20PAME%20supplement.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sillanpää M., Shinnar S. Long-term mortality in childhood-onset epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (26): 2522–2529. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0911610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sillanpää M., Shinnar S. Long-term mortality in childhood-onset epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (26): 2522–2529. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0911610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernhardt B.C.,Worsley K.J., Kim H., Evans A.C., Bernasconi A., Bernasconi N. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009; 72 (20): 1747–1754. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000345969.57574.f5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernhardt B.C.,Worsley K.J., Kim H., Evans A.C., Bernasconi A., Bernasconi N. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009; 72 (20): 1747–1754. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000345969.57574.f5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coan A.C., Appenzeller S., Bonilha L., Li L.M., Cendes F. Seizure frequency and lateralization affect progression of atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009; 73 (11): 834–842. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783dd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coan A.C., Appenzeller S., Bonilha L., Li L.M., Cendes F. Seizure frequency and lateralization affect progression of atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009; 73 (11): 834–842. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783dd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinnar S., Bello J.A., Chan S., Hesdorffer D.C., Lewis D.V., Macfall J., Pellock J.M., Nordli D.R., Frank L.M., Moshe S.L., Gomes W., Shinnar R.C., Sun S. MRI abnormalities following febrile status epilepticus in children: the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2012; 79 (9): 871–877. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318266fcc5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinnar S., Bello J.A., Chan S., Hesdorffer D.C., Lewis D.V., Macfall J., Pellock J.M., Nordli D.R., Frank L.M., Moshe S.L., Gomes W., Shinnar R.C., Sun S. MRI abnormalities following febrile status epilepticus in children: the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2012; 79 (9): 871–877. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318266fcc5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasuda C.L., Morita M.E., Alessio A., Pereira A.R., Balthazar M.L., Saúde A.V., Costa A.L., Costa A.L., Cardoso T.A., Betting L.E., Guerreiro C.A., Damasceno B.P., Lopes-Cendes I., Tedeschi H., de Oliveira E., Cendes F. Relationship between environmental factors and gray matter atrophy in refractory MTLE. Neurology. 2010; 74 (13): 1062–1068. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d76b72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasuda C.L., Morita M.E., Alessio A., Pereira A.R., Balthazar M.L., Saúde A.V., Costa A.L., Costa A.L., Cardoso T.A., Betting L.E., Guerreiro C.A., Damasceno B.P., Lopes-Cendes I., Tedeschi H., de Oliveira E., Cendes F. Relationship between environmental factors and gray matter atrophy in refractory MTLE. Neurology. 2010; 74 (13): 1062–1068. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d76b72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conz L., Morita M.E., Coan A.C., Kobayashi E., Yasuda C.L., Pereira A.R., Lopes-Cendes I., Cendes F. Longitudinal MRI volumetric evaluation in patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Front. Neurol. 2011; 2: 5. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conz L., Morita M.E., Coan A.C., Kobayashi E., Yasuda C.L., Pereira A.R., Lopes-Cendes I., Cendes F. Longitudinal MRI volumetric evaluation in patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Front. Neurol. 2011; 2: 5. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Labate A., Cerasa A., Aguglia U., Mumoli L., Quattrone A., Gambardella A. Neocortical thinning in “benign” mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011; 52 (4): 712–717. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03038.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Labate A., Cerasa A., Aguglia U., Mumoli L., Quattrone A., Gambardella A. Neocortical thinning in “benign” mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011; 52 (4): 712–717. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03038.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos B.A., Yasuda C.L., Castellano G., Bilevicius E., Li L.M., Cendes F. Proton MRS may predict AED response in patients with TLE. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (5): 783–788. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02379.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos B.A., Yasuda C.L., Castellano G., Bilevicius E., Li L.M., Cendes F. Proton MRS may predict AED response in patients with TLE. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (5): 783–788. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02379.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mueller S.G., Ebel A., Barakos J., Scanlon C., Cheong I., Finlay D., Garcia P., Weiner M.W., Laxer K.D. Widespread extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) abnormalities in TLE with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Neurol. 2011; 258 (4): 603–612. DOI: 10.1007/s00415010-5799-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mueller S.G., Ebel A., Barakos J., Scanlon C., Cheong I., Finlay D., Garcia P., Weiner M.W., Laxer K.D. Widespread extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) abnormalities in TLE with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Neurol. 2011; 258 (4): 603–612. DOI: 10.1007/s00415010-5799-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scanlon C., Mueller S.G., Cheong I., Hartig M., Weiner M.W., Laxer K.D. Grey and white matter abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Neurol. 2013; 260 (9): 2320–2329. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-6974-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scanlon C., Mueller S.G., Cheong I., Hartig M., Weiner M.W., Laxer K.D. Grey and white matter abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Neurol. 2013; 260 (9): 2320–2329. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-6974-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasuda C.L., Valise C., Saúde A.V., Pereira A.R., Pereira F.R., Ferreira Costa A.L., Morita M.E., Betting L.E., Castellano G., Mantovani Guerreiro C.A., Tedeschi H., de Oliveira E., Cendes F. Dynamic changes in white and gray matter volume are associated with outcome of surgical treatment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2010; 49 (1): 71–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasuda C.L., Valise C., Saúde A.V., Pereira A.R., Pereira F.R., Ferreira Costa A.L., Morita M.E., Betting L.E., Castellano G., Mantovani Guerreiro C.A., Tedeschi H., de Oliveira E., Cendes F. Dynamic changes in white and gray matter volume are associated with outcome of surgical treatment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2010; 49 (1): 71–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fahoum F., Lopes R., Pittau F., Dubeau F., Gotman J. Widespread epileptic networks in focal epilepsies-EEG-fMRI study. Epilepsia. 2012; 53 (9): 1618–1627. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03533.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fahoum F., Lopes R., Pittau F., Dubeau F., Gotman J. Widespread epileptic networks in focal epilepsies-EEG-fMRI study. Epilepsia. 2012; 53 (9): 1618–1627. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03533.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malmgren K., Thom M. Hippocampal sclerosis–origins and imaging. Epilepsia. 2012; 53 (Suppl. 4): 19–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03610.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malmgren K., Thom M. Hippocampal sclerosis–origins and imaging. Epilepsia. 2012; 53 (Suppl. 4): 19–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03610.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morita M.E., Yasuda C.L., Betting L.E., Pacagnella D., Conz L., Barbosa P.H., Maurer-Morelli C.V., Costa A.L., Kobayashi E., Lopes-Cendes I., Cendes F. MRI and EEG as long-term seizure outcome predictors in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2012; 79 (24): 2349–2354. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318278b63f.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morita M.E., Yasuda C.L., Betting L.E., Pacagnella D., Conz L., Barbosa P.H., Maurer-Morelli C.V., Costa A.L., Kobayashi E., Lopes-Cendes I., Cendes F. MRI and EEG as long-term seizure outcome predictors in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2012; 79 (24): 2349–2354. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318278b63f.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bilevicius E., Yasuda C.L., Silva M.S., Guerreiro C.A., Lopes-Cendes I., Cendes F. Antiepileptic drug response in temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinical and MRI morphometry study. Neurology. 2010; 75 (19): 1695–1701. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fc29dd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bilevicius E., Yasuda C.L., Silva M.S., Guerreiro C.A., Lopes-Cendes I., Cendes F. Antiepileptic drug response in temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinical and MRI morphometry study. Neurology. 2010; 75 (19): 1695–1701. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fc29dd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер Н.А. Некоторые аспекты синдрома внезапной смерти при ýпилепсии. Современные медицинские технологии. 2010; (5): 55–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder N.A. Some aspects of sudden death syndrome in epilepsy. Sovremennye medicinskie tehnologii. 2010; (5): 55–59 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щедеркина И.О., Орлова К.А., Колтунов И.Е., Дорофеева М.Ю. Эффективность руфинамида в лечении фармакорезистентной фокальной ýпилепсии в педиатрической практике. Русский журнал детской неврологии. 2016; 11 (4): 54–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchederkina I.O., Orlova K.A., Koltunov I.E., Dorofeeva M. Yu. Efficacy of rufinamide in the treatment of drug-resistant focalepilepsies in paediatric practice. Russian Journal of Child Neurology. 2016; 11 (4): 54–60 (in Russ.).  DOI: 10.17650/2073-8803-2016-11-4-54-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DOI: 10.17650/2073-8803-2016-11-4-54-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lekomtsev V.T. Defects of treatment of farmakorezistentny epilepsies within medical examinations. Medical Examination Problems. 2015; 15 (3–4): 34–36 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лекомцев В.Т. Дефекты лечения фармакорезистентных ýпилепсий в рамках медицинских ýкспертиз. Проблемы экспертизы в медицине. 2015; 15 (3–4): 34–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bochanova E.N.  Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drugs (literature review). Kachestvennaja klinicheskaja praktika. 2017; (1): 51–55 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бочанова Е.Н. Фармакогенетика противоýпилептических препаратов (обзор литературы). Качественная клиническая практика. 2017; (1): 51–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjee J., Tripathi M., Chandra P.S. Understanding complexities of synaptic transmission in medically intractable seizures: A paradigm of epilepsy research. Indian. J. Neurosurg. 2013; (2): 71–76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjee J., Tripathi M., Chandra P.S. Understanding complexities of synaptic transmission in medically intractable seizures: A paradigm of epilepsy research. Indian. J. Neurosurg. 2013; (2): 71–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asadi-Pooya A.A., Stewart G.R., Abrams D.J., Sharan A. Prevalence and incidence of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe еpilepsy in the United States.  World Neurosurg. 2017; 99: 662–666. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.074.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asadi-Pooya A.A., Stewart G.R., Abrams D.J., Sharan A. Prevalence and incidence of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe еpilepsy in the United States. World Neurosurg. 2017; 99: 662–666. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.074.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martínez-Juárez I.E., Lуpez-Zapata R., Gуmez-Arias B., Bravo-Armenta E.,  Romero-Ocampo L., Estévez-Cruz Z., Hernández-De la Cruz G., Morán-Molina S. Refractory epilepsy: use of the new definition and related risk factors. A study in the Mexican population of a third-level centre. Rev. Neurol. 2012; 54 (3): 159–166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martínez-Juárez I.E., Lуpez-Zapata R., Gуmez-Arias B., Bravo-Armenta E., Romero-Ocampo L., Estévez-Cruz Z., Hernández-De la Cruz G., Morán-Molina S. Refractory epilepsy: use of the new definition and related risk factors. A study in the Mexican population of a third-level centre. Rev. Neurol. 2012; 54 (3): 159–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadkarni S., Lajoile J., Devinsky O. Current Treatments of epilepsy. Neurology. 2005; 64 (12 Suppl 3): S2–S11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadkarni S., Lajoile J., Devinsky O. Current Treatments of epilepsy. Neurology. 2005; 64 (12 Suppl 3): S2–S11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orozco-Hernández J.P., Quintero-Moreno J.F., Marín-Medina D.S., Castaсo-Montoya J.P., Hernández-Coral P., Pineda M., Vélez J.D., Villada H.C., Martínez J.W., Lizcano A. Clinical and sociodemographic profile of epilepsy in adults from a reference centre in Colombia. Neurologia. 2017; pii: S0213–4853 (17) 30151-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.02.013. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orozco-Hernández J.P., Quintero-Moreno J.F., Marín-Medina D.S., Castaсo-Montoya J.P., Hernández-Coral P., Pineda M., Vélez J.D., Villada H.C., Martínez J.W., Lizcano A. Clinical and sociodemographic profile of epilepsy in adults from a reference centre in Colombia. Neurologia. 2017; pii: S0213–4853 (17) 30151-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.02.013. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giussani G., Canelli V., Bianchi E., Franchi C., Nobili A., Erba G., Beghi E. A population-based study of active and drug-resistant epilepsies in Northern Italy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 55: 30–37. DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.11.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giussani G., Canelli V., Bianchi E., Franchi C., Nobili A., Erba G., Beghi E. A population-based study of active and drug-resistant epilepsies in Northern Italy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 55: 30–37. DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.11.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epilepsia de difícil control; eds. J.C. Sánchez-Álvarez, V. Villanueva Haba.  Barcelona: Viguera Editores SL, 2010: 1–34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epilepsia de difícil control; eds. J.C. Sánchez-Álvarez, V. Villanueva Haba. Barcelona: Viguera Editores SL, 2010: 1–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vespignani H., de Zélicourt M., Laurendeau C., Fagnani F., Levy-Bachelot L., Murat C., Kahane P., de Toffol B. Adult patients treated for focal epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in combination in France: description according to the 2009 ILAE definition of AED resistance (ESPERA study)]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 2014; 170 (2): 100–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.10.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vespignani H., de Zélicourt M., Laurendeau C., Fagnani F., Levy-Bachelot L., Murat C., Kahane P., de Toffol B. Adult patients treated for focal epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in combination in France: description according to the 2009 ILAE definition of AED resistance (ESPERA study)]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 2014; 170 (2): 100–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.10.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farghaly W.M., El-Tallaw H.N., Rageh T.A., Mohamed E.M., Metwally N.A., Shehata G.A., Badry R., Abd-Elhamed M.A. Epidemiology of uncontrolled epilepsy in the Al-Kharga District, New Valley, Egypt. Seizure. 2013; 22 (8): 611–616. DOI:10.1016/j.seizure.2013.04.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farghaly W.M., El-Tallaw H.N., Rageh T.A., Mohamed E.M., Metwally N.A., Shehata G.A., Badry R., Abd-Elhamed M.A. Epidemiology of uncontrolled epilepsy in the Al-Kharga District, New Valley, Egypt. Seizure. 2013; 22 (8): 611–616. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.04.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tripathi M., Padhy U.P., Vibha D., Bhatia R., Padma Srivastava M.V., Singh M.B., Prasad K., Sarat P., Chandra S.P. Predictors of refractory epilepsy in North India: A case-control study. Seizure. 2011; 20 (10): 779–783. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.07.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tripathi M., Padhy U.P., Vibha D., Bhatia R., Padma Srivastava M.V., Singh M.B., Prasad K., Sarat P., Chandra S.P. Predictors of refractory epilepsy in North India: A case-control study. Seizure. 2011; 20 (10): 779–783. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.07.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kong S.T., Ho C.S., Ho P.C., Lim S.H. Prevalence of drug resistant epilepsy in adults with epilepsy attending a neurology clinic of a tertiary referral hospital in Singapore. Epilepsy Res. 2014; 108 (7): 1253–1262. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.05.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kong S.T., Ho C.S., Ho P.C., Lim S.H. Prevalence of drug resistant epilepsy in adults with epilepsy attending a neurology clinic of a tertiary referral hospital in Singapore. Epilepsy Res. 2014; 108 (7): 1253–1262. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.05.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guekht A.B., Milchakova L.E., Churilin Yu.Yu., Boiko A.N., Golovanova I.V., Shprakh V.V., Kabakov R.M., Balkhanova R., Kotov S.V., Kotov A.S., Spirin N.N., Pizova N.V., Volkova L.I., Perunova N.N., Gusev E.I. The epidemiology of epilepsy in Russia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2006; (Suppl. 1: Epilepsia): 37 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гехт А.Б., Мильчакова Л.E., Чурилин Ю.Ю., Бойко А.Н., Голованова И.В., Шпрах В.В., Кабаков Р.М., Балханова P., Котов С.В., Котов А.С., Спирин Н.Н., Пизова Н.В., Волкова Л.И., Перунова Н.Н., Гусев Е.И. Эпидемиология ýпилепсии в России. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии. 2006; (Прил. 1: Эпилепсия): 3–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder N.A., Pilugina M.S., Dmitrenko D.V., Shmatova E.N., Erikalova S.A. Incidence of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in Krasnoyarsk region (according to neurological center of university hospital data). Epilepsia and Paroxyzmal Conditions. 2010; 2 (4): 32i36 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер Н.А., Пилюгина М.С., Дмитренко Д.В., Шматова Е.Н., Ерыкалова С.А. Частота встречаемости фармакорезистентной ýпилепсии в Красноярском крае (по данным неврологического центра университетской клиники). Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2010; 2 (4): 32–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шнайдер Н.А., Пилюгина М.С., Дмитренко Д.В., Шматова Е.Н., Ерыкалова С.А. Частота встречаемости фармакорезистентной ýпилепсии в Красноярском крае (по данным неврологического центра университетской клиники). Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2010; 2 (4): 32–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
