ssmuБюллетень сибирской медициныBulletin of Siberian Medicine1682-03631819-3684Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation10.20538/1682-0363-2014-6-185-200ssmu-178Research ArticleПРОБЛЕМЫ ФИЗИОЛОГИИPROBLEMS OF PHYSIOLOGYГАЗОМЕДИАТОРЫ: ОТ ТОКСИЧЕСКИХ ЭФФЕКТОВ К РЕГУЛЯЦИИ КЛЕТОЧНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЮ В КЛИНИКЕGASOTRANSMITTERS: FROM THE TOXIC EFFECTS TO THE REGULATION OF CELLULAR FUNCTION AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONСитдиковаГ. Ф.SitdikovaG. F.

Ситдикова Гузель Фаритовна– доктор биологических наук, профессор, Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии, кафедра физиологии человека и животных; кафедра нормальной физиологии Казанского медицинского государственного университета

alv.yakovlev@gmail.comЯковлевА. В.YakovlevA. V.alv.yakovlev@gmail.comЗефировА. Л.ZefirovA. L.alv.yakovlev@gmail.comКазанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии; Казань Казанский государственный медицинский университет, КазаньРоссияKazan Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kaza;, Kazan State Medical University, KazanRussian Federation201428122014136185200Copyright © Ситдикова Г.Ф., Яковлев А.В., Зефиров А.Л., 20142014Ситдикова Г.Ф., Яковлев А.В., Зефиров А.Л.Sitdikova G.F., Yakovlev A.V., Zefirov A.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/178

Nitric oxide II (NO), carbon monoxide (СО) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for many decades were described as the toxic gases inducing damaging action in man’s organisms. Recently it was found that NO, CO and H2S endogenously synthesized and served as signaling molecules of autocrine and paracrine regulation in many systems. The properties, mechanisms of synthesis and action in excitable systems are presented in this paper. Besides we also descried our results concerning the effects and mechanisms of action of gaseous messengers in peripheral nervous system – in neuromuscular junction.

 

РНФgasotransmittersnitric oxide (II)carbon monoxidehydrogen sulfidetransmitter releasemotor nerve endingion channelsReferencesMaines M.D. The heme oxygenase system: a regulator of second messenger gases // Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1997. V. 37. P. 517–554.Maines M.D. The heme oxygenase system: a regulator of second messenger gases. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1997, vol. 37, pp. 517–554.Зефиров А.Л., Уразаев А.Х. Функциональная роль оксида азота // Успехи физиол. наук. 1999. Т. 30, № 1. С. 547–572.Zefirov A.L., Urazaev A.H. Funkcionalnaya rol oksida azota. Uspehi fiziol. nauk, 1999, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 547–572.Wang R. Signal Transduction and the Gasotransmitters. NO, CO and H2S in Biology and Medicine. Totowa: Humana Press, 2004. 377 p.Wang R. Signal Transduction and the Gasotransmitters. NO, CO and H2S in Biology and Medicine. Totowa: Humana Press, 2004. 377 p.Зефиров А.Л. Медиаторы, эволюция представлений // Вестник РАМН. 2005. Т. 1. С. 1–4.Zefirov A.L. Mediatory, evolyuciya predstavleniy. Vestnik Rossiyskoy AMN, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 1–4.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Газообразные посредники в нервной системе // Рос. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сече¬нова. 2006. Т. 92, № 7. С. 872–882.Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Gazoobraznye posredniki v nervnoy sisteme. Rossiyskiy fiziologicheskiy zhurnal im. I. M. Sechenova – Russian Journal of Physiology, 2006, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 872–882.Hermann A., Sitdikova G.F., Weiger T. Gase als zellulare Signalstoffe // Biol. Unserer Zeit. 2010. V. 40. P. 185–193.Hermann A., Sitdikova G.F., Weiger T. Gase als zellulare Signalstoffe. Biol. Unserer Zeit, 2010, vol. 40, pp. 185–193.Gadalla M.M., Snyder S.H. Hydrogen sulfide as a gasotransmitter // J. Neurochem. 2010. V. 113. P. 14–26.7Gadalla M.M., Snyder S.H. Hydrogen sulfide as a gasotransmitter. J. Neurochem., 2010, vol. 113, pp. 14–26.Sitdikova G.F., Weiger T.M., Hermann A. Hydrogen sul-fide increases calcium-activated potassium 5 (BK) channel activity of rat pituitary tumor cells // Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2010. V. 459. P. 389–397.8Sitdikova G.F., Weiger T.M., Hermann A. Hydrogen sul-fide increases calcium-activated potassium 5 (BK) channel activity of rat pituitary tumor cells. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol., 2010, vol. 459, pp. 389–397.Ситдикова Г.Ф. Ретроградная модуляция нервно-мышечной передачи газообразными посредниками // Рос. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2004. Т. 90, № 8. С. 279–280.Sitdikova G.F. Retrogradnaya modulyaciya nervno-myshechnoy peredachi gazoobraznymi posrednikami. Rossiyskiy fiziologicheskiy zhurnal im. I. M. Sechenova – Russian Journal of Physiology, 2004, vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 279–280.Garthwaite J. Concepts of neural nitric oxide-mediated transmission // Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008. V. 27. P. 2783–2802.Garthwaite J. Concepts of neural nitric oxide-mediated transmission. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2008, vol. 27, pp. 2783–2802.Ignarro L.J. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1987. V. 84. P. 9265–9269.Ignarro L.J. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, vol. 84, pp. 9265–9269.Danson E.J., Choate J.K., Paterson D.J. Cardiac nitric ox-ide: Emerging role for nNOS in regulating physiological function // Pharmacol. Ther. 2005. V. 106. P. 57–74.Danson E.J., Choate J.K., Paterson D.J. Cardiac nitric ox-ide: Emerging role for nNOS in regulating physiological function. Pharmacol. Ther., 2005, vol. 106, pp. 57– 74.Kelly R.A., Balligand J.L., Smith T.W. Nitric oxide and car-diac function // Circulation. Res. 1996. V. 79. P. 363–380.Kelly R.A., Balligand J.L., Smith T.W. Nitric oxide and cardiac function. Circulation. Res., 1996, vol. 79, pp. 363–380.Mustafa A.K., Gadalla M.M., Snyder S.H. Signaling by Gasotransmitters // Sci. Signal. 2009. V. 2, № 68. P. 1–8.Mustafa A.K., Gadalla M.M., Snyder S.H. Signaling by Gasotransmitters. Sci. Signal., 2009, vol. 2, no. 68, pp. 1–8.Arnold W.P., Millal C.K., Katsuki S., Murad F. Nitric ox-ide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1977. V. 74. P. 3203–3207.Arnold W.P., Millal C.K., Katsuki S., Murad F. Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1977, vol. 74, pp. 3203–3207.Domek-Lopacinska K. Strosznajder J.B Cyclic GMP me-tabolism and its role in brain physiology // J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2005. V. 56. P. 15–34.Domek-Lopacinska K. Strosznajder J.B Cyclic GMP metabolism and its role in brain physiology. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2005, vol. 56, pp. 15–34.Schuman E.M., Madison D.V. Nitric oxide and synaptic function // Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1994. V. 17. P. 153–183.Schuman E.M., Madison D.V. Nitric oxide and synaptic function. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 1994, vol. 17, pp. 153–183.Stampler J.S., Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle // Physiology Rev. 2001 V. 81, № 1 P. 209–237.Stampler J.S., Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiology Rev., 2001, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 209–237.Реутов В.П., Сорокина Е.Г., Охотин В.Е., Косицин Н.С. Циклические превращения NO в организме млекопитающих. М.: Наука, 1998. 156 c.Reutov V.P., Sorokina E.G., Ohotin V.E., Kosicin N.S. Ciklicheskie prevrascheniya NO v organizme mlekopitayuschih. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1998. 156 p.Меньшиков Е.Б., Зенков Н.К., Реутов В.П. Оксид азота и NO-синтазы в организме млекопитающих при различных функциональных состояниях // Биохимия. 2000. Т. 65, № 4. С. 485–503.Menshikov E.B., Zenkov N.K., Reutov V.P. Oksid azota i NO-sintazy v organizme mlekopitayuschih pri razlichnyh funkcionalnyh sostoyaniyah. Biohimiya – , 2000, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 485–503.Bishop A., Anderson J. E. NO signaling in the CNS: from the physiological to the pathological // Toxicology. 2005. V. 208. P. 193–205.Bishop A., Anderson J.E. NO signaling in the CNS: from the physiological to the pathological. Toxicology, 2005, vol. 208, pp. 193–205.Meffert M.K., Premack B.A., Schulman H. Nitric oxide stimulates Ca2+-independent synaptic vesicle release // Neuron. 1994. V. 12, № 6. P. 1235–1244.Meffert M.K., Premack B.A., Schulman H. Nitric oxide stimulates Ca2+-independent synaptic vesicle release. Neuron, 1994, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1235–1244.Wang G., Moniri N H., Ozawa K. Nitric oxide regulates endocytosis by S-nitrosylation of dynamin // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006. V. 103, № 5. P. 1295–1300.Wang, G., Moniri NH., Ozawa K. Nitric oxide regulates endocytosis by S-nitrosylation of dynamin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 1295–1300.Prast H., Philippu A. Nitric oxide as modulator of neuronal function // Progr. Neurobiol. 2001. V. 64. P. 51–68.Prast H., Philippu A. Nitric oxide as modulator of neuronal function. Progr. Neurobiol., 2001, vol. 64, pp. 51–68.Esplugues J.V. NO as a signaling molecule in the nervous system // British. J. Pharmacol. 2002. V. 136. P. 1079–1095.Esplugues J.V. NO as a signaling molecule in the nervous system. British. J. Pharmacol., 2002, vol. 136, pp. 1079–1095.Hopper R.A., Garthwaite J. Tonic and Phasic Nitric Oxide Signals in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation // J. Neuroscience. 2006. V. 26, № 45. P. 11513–11521.Hopper R.A., Garthwaite J. Tonic and Phasic Nitric Oxide Signals in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation. J. Neuroscience, 2006, vol. 26, no. 45, pp. 11513–11521.Zhuo M., Laitinen J.T., Li X., Hawkins R.D. On the respec-tive roles of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in long-term potentiation in the hippocampus // Learn. Mem. 1999. V. 6, № 1.P. 63–76.Zhuo M., Laitinen J.T., Li X., Hawkins R.D. On the respective roles of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Learn. Mem., 1999, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63–76.Зефиров А.Л., Халиуллина Р.Р., Анучин А.А. Эффекты экзогенного оксида азота на секрецию медиатора и ионные токи двигательного нервного окончания // БЭ-БиМ. 1999. Т. 128, № 8. С. 144–147.Zefirov A.L., Haliullina R.R., Anuchin A.A. Effekty ekzogennogo oksida azota na sekreciyu mediatora i ionnye toki dvigatelnogo nervnogo okonchaniya. BEBiM – , 1999, vol. 128, no. 8, pp. 144–147.Яковлев А.В., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Роль циклических нуклеотидов в реализации эффектов оксида азота (II) на секрецию медиатора и электрогенез двигательного нервного окончания // Доклады Академии наук. 2002. Т. 382, № 2. С. 1–4.Yakovlev A.V., Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Rol ciklicheskih nukleotidov v realizacii effektov oksida azota (II) na sekreciyu mediatora i elektrogenez dvigatelnogo nervnogo okonchaniya. Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2002, vol. 382, no. 2, pp. 1–4.Яковлев А.В., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Внутриклеточные пресинаптические механизмы эффектов оксида азота (II) в нервно-мышечном соединении лягушки // Нейрохимия. 2005. Т. 22, № 1. С. 81–87.Yakovlev A.V., Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Vnutrikletochnye presinapticheskie mehanizmy effektov oksida azota (II) v nervno-myshechnom soedinenii lyagushki. Neirochimia – Neurochemical Journal, 2005, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 81–87.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Яковлев А.В., Зефиров А.Л., Архипова О.В. Эффекты L-и D-стереоизомеров аргинина на секрецию медиатора и ионные токи двигательного нервного окончания // Доклады Академии Наук. 2003. Т. 393, № 5. С. 15–19.Sitdikova G.F., Yakovlev A.V., Zefirov A.L., Arhipova O.V. Effekty L-i D-stereoizomerov arginina na sekreciyu mediatora i ionnye toki dvigatelnogo nervnogo okonchaniya. Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2003, vol. 393, no. 5, pp. 15–19.Piantadosi C.A. Biological chemistry of carbon monoxide // Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 2002. V. 4. P. 259–270.Piantadosi C.A. Biological chemistry of carbon monoxide. Antioxid. Redox. Signal, 2002, vol. 4, pp. 259–270.Wu L., Wang R. Carbon monoxide: endogenous produc-tion, physiological functions, and pharmacological applications // Pharmacol. Rev. 2005. V. 57. P. 585–630.Wu L., Wang R. Carbon monoxide: endogenous pro-duction, physiological functions, and pharmacological applications. Pharmacol. Rev., 2005, vol. 57, pp. 585–630.McCoubrey W.K. Jr., Huang T.J., Maines M.D. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA from the rat brain that encodes hemoprotein heme oxygenase-3 // Eur. J. Biochem. 1997. V. 247. P. 725–732.McCoubrey W.K. Jr., Huang T.J., Maines M.D. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA from the rat brain that en-codes hemoprotein heme oxygenase-3. Eur. J. Biochem., 1997, vol. 247, pp. 725–732.Foresti R., Motterlini R. The heme oxygenase pathway and its interaction with nitric oxide in the control of cellular homeostasis // Free Radic. Res. 1999. V. 31. P. 459–475.Foresti R., Motterlini R. The heme oxygenase pathway and its interaction with nitric oxide in the control of cellular homeostasis. Free Radic. Res., 1999, vol. 31, pp. 459–475.Raju V.S., Maines M.D. Coordinated expression and mechanisms of induction of HSP32 (heme oxygenase-1) mRNA by hyperthermia in rat organs // Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1993. V. 1217. P. 273–280.Raju V.S., Maines M.D. Coordinated expression and mechanisms of induction of HSP32 (heme oxygenase-1) mRNA by hyperthermia in rat organs. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1993, vol. 1217, pp. 273–280.Ndisang J.F., Tabien H.E.N., Wang R. Carbon monoxide and hypertension // J. Hypertension. 2004. V. 22. P. 1057–1074.Ndisang J.F., Tabien H.E.N., Wang R. Carbon monoxide and hypertension. J. Hypertension, 2004, vol. 22, pp. 1057–1074.Xue L., Farrugia G., Miller S.M. et al. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide as coneurotransmitters in the enteric ner-vous system: evidence from genomic deletion of biosynthetic enzymes // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000. V. 97. P. 1851–1855.Xue L., Farrugia G., Miller S.M. et al. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide as coneurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system: evidence from genomic deletion of biosynthetic enzymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, vol. 97, pp. 1851–1855.Farrugia G., Lei S., Lin X. et al. A major role for carbon monoxide as an endogenous hyperpolarizing factor in the gastrointestinal tract // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003. V. 100. P. 8567–8570.Farrugia G., Lei S., Lin X. et al. A major role for carbon monoxide as an endogenous hyperpolarizing factor in the gastrointestinal tract. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, vol. 100, pp. 8567–8570.Ewing J.F., Maines M.D. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization of heme oxygenase-2 mRNA and protein in normal rat brain: differential distribution of isozyme 1 and 2 // Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1992. V. 3. P. 4559–4570.Ewing J.F., Maines M.D. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization of heme oxygenase-2 mRNA and protein in normal rat brain: differential distribution of isozyme 1 and 2. Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 1992, vol. 3, pp. 4559–4570.Verma A., Hirsch D.J., Glatt C.E. et al. Carbon monoxide: a putative neural messenger // Science. 1993. V. 59. P. 381–84.Verma A., Hirsch D.J., Glatt C.E. et al. Carbon monoxide: a putative neural messenger. Science, 1993, vol. 59, pp. 381–384.Boehning D., Sedaghat L., Sedlak T.W., Snyder S.H. Heme oxygenase-2 is activated by calcium-calmodulin // J. Biol. Chem. 2004. V. 279. P. 30927–30930.Boehning D., Sedaghat L., Sedlak T.W., Snyder S.H. Heme oxygenase-2 is activated by calcium-calmodulin. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, vol. 279, pp. 30927–30930.Dore S., Takahashi M., Ferris C.D. et al. Bilirubin, formed by activation of heme oxygenase-2, protects neurons against oxidative stress injury // Proc. Nath. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. V. 96. P. 2445–2450.Dore S., Takahashi M., Ferris C.D. et al. Bilirubin, formed by activation of heme oxygenase-2, protects neurons against oxidative stress injury. Proc. Nath. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, vol. 96, pp. 2445–2450.Boehning D., Moon C., Sharma S. et al. Carbon monoxide neurotransmission activated by CK2 phosphorylation of heme oxygenase-2 // Neuron. 2003. V. 40. P. 129–137.Boehning D., Moon C., Sharma S. et al. Carbon monoxide neurotransmission activated by CK2 phosphorylation of heme oxygenase-2. Neuron, 2003, vol. 40, pp. 129–137.Nathanson J.A., Scavone C., Scanlon C., McKee M. The cellular NaC pump as a site of action for carbon monoxide and glutamate: a mechanism for long-term modulation of cellular activity // Neuron. 1995. V. 14. P. 781–794.Nathanson J.A, Scavone C., Scanlon C., McKee M. The cellular NaC pump as a site of action for carbon monoxide and glutamate: a mechanism for long-term modulation of cellular activity. Neuron, 1995, vol. 14, pp. 781–794.Shinomura T., Nakao S-I., Mori K. Reduction of depolarization-induced glutamate released by heme oxygenase inhibitor: possible role of carbon monoxide in synaptic transmission // Neurosci. Lett. 1994. V. 166. P. 131–134.Shinomura T., Nakao S-I., Mori K. Reduction of depolarization-induced glutamate released by heme oxygenase inhibitor: possible role of carbon monoxide in synaptic transmission. Neurosci., Lett. 1994. V. 166. P.131–134.Stevens C.F., Wang Y. Reversal of long-term potentiation by inhibitors of haem oxygenase // Nature. 1993. V. 364. P. 147–49.Stevens C.F., Wang Y. Reversal of long-term potentiation by inhibitors of haem oxygenase. Nature, 1993, vol. 364, pp. 147–49.Stone J.R., Marletta M.A. Soluble guanylate cyclase from bovine lung: Activation of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and spectral characterization of the ferrous and ferric states // Biochemistry. 1994. V. 33. P. 5636–5640.Stone J.R., Marletta M.A. Soluble guanylate cyclase from bovine lung: Activation of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and spectral characterization of the ferrous and ferric states. Biochemistry, 1994, vol. 33, pp. 5636–5640.Farrugia G., Miller S.M., Rich A. et al. Distribution of heme oxygenase and effects of exogenous carbon monoxide in canine jejunum // Am. J. Physiol. 1998. V. 274. P. G350–G358.Farrugia G., Miller S.M., Rich A. et al. Distribution of heme oxygenase and effects of exogenous carbon monoxide in canine jejunum. Am. J. Physiol., 1998, vol. 274, pp. G350–G358.Xi Q. Tcheranova D., Parfenova H. et al. Carbon monoxide activates KCa channels in newborn arteriole smooth muscle cells by increasing apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of α-subunits // Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 2004. V. 286. P. 610–618.Xi Q., Tcheranova D., Parfenova H. et al. Carbon monox-ide activates KCa channels in newborn arteriole smooth muscle cells by increasing apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of α-subunits. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2004, vol. 286, pp. 610–618.Jaggar J., Leffler Ch., Cheranov S. et al. Carbon monoxide dilates cerebral arterioles by enhancing the coupling of Ca2+ sparks to Ca2+-activated K+ channels // Circ. Res. 2002. V. 91. P. 610–617.Jaggar J., Leffler Ch., Cheranov S. et al. Carbon monoxide dilates cerebral arterioles by enhancing the coupling of Ca2+ sparks to Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Circ. Res., 2002, vol. 91, pp. 610–617.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Гришин С.Н., Зефиров А.Л. Пресинап-тические эффекты монооксида углерода в нервно-мышечном синапсе лягушки // Доклады Академии Наук. 2005. Т. 403, № 1. С. 121–125.Sitdikova G.F., Grishin S.N., Zefirov A.L. Presinap-ticheskie effekty monooksida ugleroda v nervno-myshechnom sinapse lyagushki. Doklady Akademii Nauk., 2005, vol. 403, no. 1, pp. 121–125.Sitdikova G.F. et al. Modulation of neurotransmitter re-lease by carbon monoxide at the frog neuro-muscular junction // Curr Drug Metab. 2007. V. 8, № 2. P. 177–184.Sitdikova G.F. et al. Modulation of neurotransmitter release by carbon monoxide at the frog neuro-muscular junction. Curr. Drug. Metab., 2007, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 177–184.Otterbein L.E., Bach F.H., Alam J., Soares M. et al. Carbonmonoxide has anti-inflammatory effects involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway // Nature Med. 2000. V. 6. P. 422–428.Otterbein L.E., Bach F.H., Alam J., Soares M. et al. Carbonmonoxide has anti-inflammatory effects involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Nature Med., 2000, vol. 6, pp. 422–428.Foresti R., Bani-Hani M. G., Motterlini R. Use of carbon monoxide as a therapeutic agent: promises and challenges // Intensive Care Med. 2008. V. 34. P. 649–658.Foresti R., Bani-Hani M.G., Motterlini R. Use of carbon monoxide as a therapeutic agent: promises and challenges. Intensive Care Med., 2008, vol. 34, pp. 649–658.Reiffenstein R.J., Hulbert W.C., Roth S.H. Toxicology of hydrogen sulfide // Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1992. V. 32. Р. 109–134.Reiffenstein R.J., Hulbert W.C., Roth S.H. Toxicology of hydrogen sulfide. Ann. Rev Pharmacol Toxicol., 1992, 32, pp. 109–134.Savage C., Gould D.H. Determination of sulfides in brain tissue and rumen fluid by ion-interaction reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography // J. Chromatogr. 1990. 526. P. 540–545.Savage C., Gould D.H. Determination of sulfides in brain tissue and rumen fluid by ion-interaction reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 1990, 526, pp. 540–545.Wang R. Gasotransmitters: growing pains and joys // Trends Biochem. Sci. 2014. 39 (5). P. 227–232.Wang R. Gasotransmitters: growing pains and joys. Trends Biochem. Sci., 2014, 39 (5), pp. 227–232.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Газообразные посредники в нервной системе // Рос. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2006. Т. 97, № 7. C. 872–882.Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Gazoobraznye posredniki v nervnoy sisteme. Rossiyskiy fiziologicheskiy zhurnal im. I. M. Sechenova – Russian Journal of Physiology, 2006, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 872–882.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Сероводород: от канализаций Парижа к сигнальной молекуле // Природа. 2010. № 9. С. 29–37.Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Serovodorod: ot kanalizaciy Parizha k signalnoy molekule. Priroda, 2010, no. 9, pp. 29–37.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Яковлев А.В., Одношивкина Ю.Г., Зе-фиров А.Л. Влияние сероводорода на процессы экзо- и эндоцитоза синаптических везикул в двигательном нервном окончании лягушки. // Нейрохимия. 2011. T. 28, № 4. С. 1–7.Sitdikova G.F., Yakovlev A.V., Odnoshivkina Yu.G,. Zefirov A.L. Vliyanie serovodoroda na processy ekzo- i endocitoza sinapticheskih vezikul v dvigatelnom nervnom okonchanii lyagushki. Neirochimia – Neurochemical Jour-nal, 2011, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1–7.Khaertdinov N.N., Ahmetshina D.R., Zefirov A.L., Sitdik-ova G.F. Hydrogen Sulfide in Regulation of Frog Myocardium Contractility // Biochemistry (Moscow). 2013. V. 7, № 1. P. 52–57.Khaertdinov N.N., Ahmetshina D.R., Zefirov A.L., Sitdikova G.F. Hydrogen Sulfide in Regulation of Frog Myocardium Contractility. Biochemistry (Moscow), 2013, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 52–57.Хаертдинов Н.Н., Герасимова Е.В., Ситдикова Г.Ф. АТФ-зависимые К+-каналы как мишень действия серо-водорода в миокарде лягушки // Естественные науки. 2012. T. 1, № 38. C. 210–213.Haertdinov N.N., Gerasimova E.V., Sitdikova G.F. ATF-zavisimye K+ -kanaly kak mishen deysvtiya serovodoroda v miokarde lyagushki. Estestvennye nauki, 2012, vol. 1, no. 38, pp. 210–213.Шафигуллин М.У., Зефиров Р.А., Сабируллина Г.И., Зе-фиров А.Л., Ситдикова Г.Ф. Эффекты донора сероводорода на спонтанную сократительную активность желудка и тощей кишки крысы // БЭБИМ. 2014. T. 157, № 3. C. 275–279.Shafigullin M.U., Zefirov R.A., Sabirullina G.I., Zefirov A.L., Sitdikova G.F. Effekty donora serovodoroda na spontannuyu sokratitelnuyu aktivnost zheludka i toschey kishki krysy. BEBIM, 2014, vol. 157, no. 3, pp. 275–279.Яковлев А.В., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Внутриклеточные пресинаптические механизмы эффектов оксида азота (II) в нервно-мышечном соединении лягушки. // Нейрохимия. 2005. V. 22, № 1. P. 81–87.Yakovlev A.V., Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Vnutrikletochnye presinapticheskie mehanizmy effektov oksida azota (II) v nervno-myshechnom soedinenii lyagushki. Neirochimia – Neurochemical Journal, 2005, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 81–87.Lowicka E, Beltowski J. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) – the third gas of interest for pharmacologists // Pharmacol. Rep. 2007. V. 59, № 1. P. 4–24.Lowicka E., Beltowski J. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) – the third gas of interest for pharmacologists. Pharmacol. Rep., 2007, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 4–24.Enokido Y., Suzuki E., Iwasawa K. et al. Cystathionine beta-synthase, a key enzyme for homocysteine metabolism, is preferentially expressed in the radial glia/astrocyte lineage of developing mouse CNS // FASEB journal. 2005. V. 19, № 13. P. 1854–1856.Enokido Y, Suzuki E, Iwasawa K. Et al. Cystathionine beta-synthase, a key enzyme for homocysteine metabolism, is preferentially expressed in the radial glia/astrocyte lineage of developing mouse CNS. FASEB journal, 2005, vol. 19, no. 13, pp. 1854–56.Nagahara N., Ito T., Kitamura H., Nishino T. Tissue and subcellular distribution of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in the rat: confocal laser fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic studies combined with biochemical analysis // Histochem. and Cell Biology. 1998. V. 110, № 3. P. 243–250.Nagahara N., Ito T., Kitamura H., Nishino T. Tissue and subcellular distribution of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in the rat: confocal laser fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic studies combined with biochemical analysis. Histochem. and Cell Biology, 1998, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 243–250.Shibuya N., Koike S., Tanaka M., et al. A novel pathway for the production of hydrogen sulfide from D-cysteine in mammalian cells // Nature Communications. 2013. V. 4. P. 13–66.Shibuya N., Koike S., Tanaka M., et al. A novel pathway for the production of hydrogen sulfide from D-cysteine in mammalian cells. Nature Communications, 2013, vol. 4, pp. 13–66.Kimura H. Hydrogen Sulfide: From Brain to Gut // Antiox. Redox Signal. 2010. V. 12, № 9. P. 1111–1123.Kimura H. Hydrogen Sulfide: From Brain to Gut. Antiox. Redox Signal, 2010, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1111–1123.Kimura H. Physiological role of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide in the central nervous system // Neurochem. International. 2013. V. 63, № 5. P. 492–497.Kimura H. Physiological role of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide in the central nervous system. Neurochem. International, 2013, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 492–497.Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: A Whiff exploration that blossomed. // Physiological reviews. 2012. V. 92, № 2. P. 791–896.Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: A Whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiological reviews, 2012, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 791–896.Abe K., Kimura H. The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator // J. Neurosci. 1996. V. 16. P. 1066–1071.Abe K., Kimura H. The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator. J. Neurosci., 1996, vol. 16. P. 1066–1071.Tan B.H., Wong P.T.-H., Bian J-S. Hydrogen sulfide: A novel signaling molecule in the central nervous system // Neurochem. Int. 2010. V. 56. P. 3–10.Tan B.H., Wong P.T.-H., Bian J-S. Hydrogen sulfide: A novel signaling molecule in the central nervous system. Neurochem. Int., 2010, vol. 56, pp. 3–10.Szabó C. Hydrogen sulphide and its therapeutic potential // Nature rev. Drug discovery. 2007. V. 6. P. 917–935.Szabó C. Hydrogen sulphide and its therapeutic potential. Nature rev. Drug discovery, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 917–935.Yang G. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: Hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine γ-lyase // Science. 2008. V. 322. P. 587–590.Yang G. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: Hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine γ-lyase. Science, 2008, vol. 322, pp. 587–590.Elsey D.J., Fowkes R.C., Baxter G.F. Regulation of cardio-vascular cell function by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) // Cell biochemistry and function. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 2010. V. 28. P. 95–106.Elsey D.J., Fowkes R.C., Baxter G.F. Regulation of cardio-vascular cell function by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Cell bio-chemistry and function. Cell. Biochem. Funct., 2010, vol. 28, pp. 95–106.Герасимова Е.В., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Сероводород как эндогенный модулятор освобождения медиатора в нервно-мышечном синапсе лягушки // Нейрохимия. 2008. Т. 25, № 1–2. С. 138–145.Gerasimova E.V., Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Sero-vodorod kak endogennyy modulyator osvobozhdeniya mediatora v nervno-myshechnom sinapse lyagushki. Neirochimia – Neurochemical Journal, 2008, vol. 25, no. 1–2. pp. 138–145.Герасимова Е.В., Вологин С.Г., Мухачева Ю.А., Ситдикова Г.Ф. Эффекты сероводорода на освобождение медиатора и выявление экспрессии цистатионин гамма-лиазы в диафрагмальной мышце мыши // Ученые записки КГУ. Серия Естественные науки, кн 2. 2010. Т. 152. С. 41–50.Gerasimova E.V., Vologin S.G., Muhacheva Yu.A., Sitdikova G.F. Effekty serovodoroda na osvobozhdenie mediatora i vyyavlenie ekspressii cistationin gamma-liazy v diafragmalnoy myshce myshi. Uchenye zapiski KGU seriya Estestvennye nauki, kn 2, 2010, vol. 152, pp. 41–50.Герасимова Е.В., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Зефиров А.Л. Исследование блокаторов синтеза сероводорода на секрецию медиатора в нервно-мышечном синапсе лягушки // Неврологический вестник, Казань. 2007. Т. XXXIX, № 1. С. 83–84.Gerasimova E.V., Sitdikova G.F., Zefirov A.L. Issle-dovanie blokatorov sinteza serovodoroda na sekreciyu mediatora v nervno-myshechnom sinapse lyagushki. Nevrologicheskiy vestnik – Neurological Bulletin, Kazan, 2007, vol. XXXIX, no. 1, pp. 83–84.Ситдикова Г.Ф., Герасимова Е.В., Хаертдинов Н.Н., Зефиров А.Л. Роль циклических нуклеотидов в эффектах сероводорода на освобождение медиатора в нервно-мышечном синапсе лягушки // Нейрохимия. 2009. Т. 26, № 4. С. 1–7.Sitdikova G.F., Gerasimova E.V., Haertdinov N.N., Zefirov A.L. Rol ciklicheskih nukleotidov v effektah serovodoroda na osvobozhdenie mediatora v nervno-myshechnom sinapse lyagushki. Neirochimia – Neurochemical Journal, 2009, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1–7.Wang R. Two's company, three's a crowd – Сan H2S the third endogenous gaseous transmitter? // FASEB. 2002. V. 16. P. 1792–1798.Wang R. Two's company, three's a crowd – San H2S the third endogenous gaseous transmitter? FASEB, 2002, vol. 16, pp. 1792–1798.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.