ssmuБюллетень сибирской медициныBulletin of Siberian Medicine1682-03631819-3684Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation10.20538/1682-0363-2019-1-30-37ssmu-2168Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEW AND LECTURESНейтрофильные гранулоциты: новые лица старых знакомыхNeutrophil granulocytes: new faces of old acquaintancesДолгушинИ. И.DolgushinI. I.

Долгушин Илья Ильич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, президент, заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики, ЮУГМУ

454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64

Dolgushin Ilia I., DM, Professor, Аcademician of RAS, President of SUSMU, Head of the Department of Microbiology, Virology, Immunology and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics

64, Vorovskogo Str., Chelyabinsk, 454092

dol-ii@mail.ruЮжно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет (ЮУГМУ)РоссияSouth-Ural State Medical University (SUSMU)Russian Federation2019160520191813037Copyright © Долгушин И.И., 20192019Долгушин И.И.Dolgushin I.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/2168

За последние несколько десятилетий, благодаря использованию новых технологий, был значительно расширен спектр функциональных возможностей нейтрофильных гранулоцитов. Детально изучен их эффекторный потенциал в отношении инфекционных агентов, включающий фагоцитоз, продукцию активных форм кислорода и азота, дегрануляцию с высвобождением многочисленных ферментов и антимикробных пептидов, образование внеклеточных ловушек. Однако установлено, что многие их тех факторов, которые нейтрофилы используют для прямого уничтожения патогенов, оказывают регулирующее влияние в отношении других клеток иммунной системы и самих нейтрофилов. Кроме того, при активации нейтрофилы способны синтезировать ряд биологически активных молекул de novo. Традиционно считаясь индукторами воспалительной реакции, нейтрофилы демонстрируют способность параллельно включать механизмы, влияющие на ограничение и разрешение воспаления. Амбивалентное, как хелперное, так и супрессорное, воздействие нейтрофилов на клетки врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета свидетельствует об их важной иммунорегуляторной роли как в условиях гомеостаза, так и при различных видах патологии, в частности при развитии злокачественных опухолей.

Over the past few decades, thanks to the use of new technologies, the spectrum of functional capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes has been significantly expanded. Their effector potential with respect to infectious agents, including phagocytosis, the production of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, degranulation with the release of numerous enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, and the formation of extracellular traps were studied in detail. However, it has been found that many of the factors that neutrophils use to directly destroy pathogens have a regulating effect on other cells of the immune system and the neutrophils themselves. In addition, upon activation, neutrophils are capable of synthesizing a number of de novo biologically active molecules. Traditionally considered as inducers of an inflammatory reaction, neutrophils demonstrate the ability to simultaneously incorporate mechanisms that contribute to limiting and resolving inflammation. Ambivalent both helper and suppressor effects of neutrophils on cells of congenital and adaptive immunity testifies to their important immunoregulatory role both in homeostasis and various types of pathology, particularly in the development of malignant tumors.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.