<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ssmu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень сибирской медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Siberian Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-0363</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1819-3684</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20538/1682-0363-2019-2-215-222</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ssmu-2320</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности анализа выживаемости на примере пациентов в «листе ожидания» трансплантации почки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of survival analysis on patients on the «waiting list» for kidney transplantation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зулькарнаев</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zulkarnaev</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зулькарнаев Алексей Батыргараевич, д-р мед. наук, гл. науч. сотрудник, хирургическое отделение трансплантологии и диализа129110, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2, корпус 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">7059899@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт (МОНИКИ) им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>215</fpage><lpage>222</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зулькарнаев А.Б., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зулькарнаев А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zulkarnaev A.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/2320">https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/2320</self-uri><abstract><p>Анализ выживаемости является одним из самых распространенных методов статистического анализа в медицине. Статистический анализ вероятности трансплантации (или смерти) в зависимости от времени ожидания в «листе ожидания» – редкий случай, когда анализ выживаемости применяется действительно для оценки времени до наступления события, а не для косвенной оценки рисков. Однако чтобы оценка была адекватной, причина цензурирования должна быть независима от интересующего исхода. Больные в листе ожидания подвержены риску не только умереть, они могут быть исключены из этого листа по причине ухудшения коморбидного фона или в результате трансплантации почки. Оценки Каплана – Мейера, Нельсона – Аалена, как и причинно-специфическая регрессионная модель пропорциональных рисков Кокса, являются заведомо предвзятыми оценками выживаемости в условиях наличия конкурирующих рисков. Поскольку конкурирующие события цензурируются, непосредственно оценить влияние ковариат на их частоту невозможно, так как отсутствует прямая связь между регрессионными коэффициентами и интенсивностью событий. Определение медианного времени ожидания на основе такого анализа порождает смещение отбора, что неизбежно приводит к предвзятой оценке.  Таким образом, в условиях конкурирующих рисков эти методы позволяют исследовать особенности причинно-следственных связей, но не дают возможность сделать индивидуальный прогноз вероятности конкретного события. В регрессионной модели конкурирующих рисков коэффициенты регрессии монотонно связаны с кумулятивной функцией инцидентности и конкурирующие события оказывают непосредственное влияние на коэффициенты регрессии. Существенное ее преимущество – это аддитивный характер функций кумулятивной инцидентности, всех возможных событий. При изучении этиологических ассоциаций лучше использовать регрессионную модель Кокса, которая позволяет оценить размер эффекта различных факторов. Регрессионная модель конкурирующих рисков, в свою очередь, имеет бóльшую прогностическую ценность и позволяет оценить вероятность конкретного исхода в течение определенного времени у отдельно взятого пациента.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Survival analysis is one of the most common methods of statistical analysis in medicine. The statistical analysis of the transplantation (or death) probability dependent on the waiting time on the "waiting list" is a rare case when the survival analysis is used to estimate the time before the event rather than to indirectly assess the risks. However, for an assessment to be adequate, the reason for censoringmust be independent of the outcome of interest. Patients on the waiting list are not only at risk of dying, they can be excluded from the waiting list due to deterioration of the comorbid background or as a result of kidney transplantation. Kaplan – Meier, Nelson – Aalen estimates, as well as a cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression model, are consciously biased estimates of survival in the presence of competing risks. Since competing events are censored, it is impossible to directly assess the impact of covariates on their frequency, because there is no direct relationship between the regression coefficients and the intensity of these events. The determination of the median waiting time on the basis of such analysis generates a selection bias, which inevitably leads to a biased assessment.  Thus, in presence of competing risks, these methods allow us to investigate the features of cause-and-effect relationships, but do not allow us to make a prediction of the individual probability of a particular event based on the value of its covariates. In the regression model of competing risks, the regression coefficients are monotonically related to the cumulative incidence function and the competing events have a direct impact on the regression coefficients. Its significant advantage is the additive nature of the cumulative incidence functions of all possible events. In the study of etiological associations, it is better to use Cox regression model, which allows to estimate the size of the effect of various factors. The regression model of competing risks, in turn, has a greater prognostic value and allows to estimate the probability of a specific outcome within a certain time in a single patient.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анализ выживаемости</kwd><kwd>статистика</kwd><kwd>причинно-специфический риск</kwd><kwd>метод Каплана – Мейера</kwd><kwd>модель пропорциональных рисков Кокса</kwd><kwd>регрессионная модель Файна и Грея</kwd><kwd>конкурирующий риск.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>survival analysis</kwd><kwd>statistics</kwd><kwd>cause-specific risk</kwd><kwd>Kaplan – Meier method</kwd><kwd>Cox proportional hazards model</kwd><kwd>Fine and Gray regression model</kwd><kwd>competing risk</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работы выполнены на средства гранта президента Российской Феде- рации для государственной поддержки молодых российских ученых (№ МД-2253.2018.7).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The funds of the grant of the president of the Russian Federation for the state support of young Russian scientists № MD-2253.2018.7 were used in the work</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan E.L., Meier P. Non-parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1958; 53 (282): 457–481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan E.L., Meier P. Non-parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1958; 53 (282): 457–481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stel V.S., Dekker F.W., Tripepi G., Zoccali C., Jager K.J. Survival analysis I: the Kaplan – Meier method. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2011; 119 (1): c83–88. DOI: 10.1159/000324758.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stel V.S., Dekker F.W., Tripepi G., Zoccali C., Jager K.J. Survival analysis I: the Kaplan – Meier method. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2011; 119 (1): c83–88. DOI: 10.1159/000324758.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobbs B.P. On nonparametric hazard estimation. J. Biom. Biostat. 2015; 6 (2): 232. DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobbs B.P. On nonparametric hazard estimation. J. Biom. Biostat. 2015; 6 (2): 232. DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xian Liu. Survival analysis: models and applications. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012: 457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xian Liu. Survival analysis: models and applications. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012: 457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colosimo E., Ferreira F., Oliveira M., Sousa C. Empirical comparisons between Kaplan – Meier and Nelson – Aalen survival function estimators. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 2002; 72 (4): 299–308. DOI: 10.1080/00949650212847.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colosimo E., Ferreira F., Oliveira M., Sousa C. Empirical comparisons between Kaplan – Meier and Nelson – Aalen survival function estimators. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 2002; 72 (4): 299–308. DOI: 10.1080/00949650212847.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saranya P., Karthikeyan S.M. A сomparison study of Kaplan – Meier and Nelson – Aalen methods in survival analysis. International Journal for Research in Emerging Science and Technology. 2015; 2 (11): 34–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saranya P., Karthikeyan S.M. A сomparison study of Kaplan – Meier and Nelson – Aalen methods in survival analysis. International Journal for Research in Emerging Science and Technology. 2015; 2 (11): 34–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox D.R. The regression analysis of binary sequences. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological). 1958; 20 (2): 215–242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox D.R. The regression analysis of binary sequences. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological). 1958; 20 (2): 215–242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox D.R. Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 1972; 34 (2): 187–220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox D.R. Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 1972; 34 (2): 187–220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Austin P.C., Lee D.S., Fine J.P. Introduction to the analysis of survival data in the presence of competing risks. Circulation. 2016; 133 (6): 601–609. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017719.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Austin P.C., Lee D.S., Fine J.P. Introduction to the analysis of survival data in the presence of competing risks. Circulation. 2016; 133 (6): 601–609. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017719.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stel V.S., Dekker F.W., Tripepi G., Zoccali C., Jager K.J. Survival analysis II: Cox regression. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2011; 119 (3): c255–260. DOI: 10.1159/000328916.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stel V.S., Dekker F.W., Tripepi G., Zoccali C., Jager K.J. Survival analysis II: Cox regression. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2011; 119 (3): c255–260. DOI: 10.1159/000328916.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Austin P.C. Generating survival times to simulate Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates. Stat. Med. 2012; 31 (29): 3946–3958. DOI: 10.1002/sim.5452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Austin P.C. Generating survival times to simulate Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates. Stat. Med. 2012; 31 (29): 3946–3958. DOI: 10.1002/sim.5452.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao H., Liu Y., Zhang T., Yang R., Prows D.R. Parametric proportional hazards model for mapping genomic imprinting of survival traits. J. Appl. Genet. 2013; 54 (1):79–88. DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0120-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao H., Liu Y., Zhang T., Yang R., Prows D.R. Parametric proportional hazards model for mapping genomic imprinting of survival traits. J. Appl. Genet. 2013; 54 (1):79–88. DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0120-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolbers M., Koller M.T., Stel V.S., Schaer B., Jager K.J., Leffondrй K., Heinze G. Competing risks analyses: objectives and approaches. Eur. Heart J. 2014; 35 (42): 2936–2941. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolbers M., Koller M.T., Stel V.S., Schaer B., Jager K.J., Leffondrй K., Heinze G. Competing risks analyses: objectives and approaches. Eur. Heart J. 2014; 35 (42): 2936–2941. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haller B., Schmidt G., Ulm K. Applying competing risks regression models: an overview. Lifetime Data Anal. 2013; 19 (1): 33–58. DOI: 10.1007/s10985-012-9230-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haller B., Schmidt G., Ulm K. Applying competing risks regression models: an overview. Lifetime Data Anal. 2013; 19 (1): 33–58. DOI: 10.1007/s10985-012-9230-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prentice R.L., Kalbfleisch J.D., Peterson A.V.Jr., Flournoy N., Farewell V.T., Breslow N.E. The analysis of failure times in the presence of competing risks. Biometrics. 1978 Dec.; 34 (4): 541–554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prentice R.L., Kalbfleisch J.D., Peterson A.V.Jr., Flournoy N., Farewell V.T., Breslow N.E. The analysis of failure times in the presence of competing risks. Biometrics. 1978 Dec.; 34 (4): 541–554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noordzij M., Leffondrй K., van Stralen K.J., Zoccali C., Dekker F.W., Jager K.J. When do we need competing risks methods for survival analysis in nephrology? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2013; 28 (11): 2670–2677. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noordzij M., Leffondrй K., van Stralen K.J., Zoccali C., Dekker F.W., Jager K.J. When do we need competing risks methods for survival analysis in nephrology? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2013; 28 (11): 2670–2677. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft355.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fine J.P., Gray R.J. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1999; 94 (446): 496–509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fine J.P., Gray R.J. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1999; 94 (446): 496–509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dianatkhah M., Rahgozar M., Talaei M., Karimloua M., Sadeghi M., Oveisgharan S., Sarrafzadegan N. Comparison of competing risks models based on cumulative incidence function in analyzing time to cardiovascular diseases. ARYA Atheroscler. 2014; 10 (1): 6–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dianatkhah M., Rahgozar M., Talaei M., Karimloua M., Sadeghi M., Oveisgharan S., Sarrafzadegan N. Comparison of competing risks models based on cumulative incidence function in analyzing time to cardiovascular diseases. ARYA Atheroscler. 2014; 10 (1): 6–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersen P.K., Geskus R.B., de Witte T., Putter H. Competing risks in epidemiology: possibilities and pitfalls. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2012 June; 41 (3): 861–870. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersen P.K., Geskus R.B., de Witte T., Putter H. Competing risks in epidemiology: possibilities and pitfalls. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2012 June; 41 (3): 861–870. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arce C.M., Lenihan C.R., Montez-Rath M.E., Winkelmayer W.C. Comparison of longer-term outcomes after kidney transplantation between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Am. J. Transplant. 2015; 15 (2): 499–507. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arce C.M., Lenihan C.R., Montez-Rath M.E., Winkelmayer W.C. Comparison of longer-term outcomes after kidney transplantation between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Am. J. Transplant. 2015; 15 (2): 499–507. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sapir-Pichhadze R., Pintilie M., Tinckam K.J., Laupacis A., Logan A.G., Beyene J., Kim S.J. Survival analysis in the presence of competing risks: The example of waitlisted kidney transplant candidates. Am. J. Transplant. 2016 July; 16 (7): 1958–1966. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13717.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapir-Pichhadze R., Pintilie M., Tinckam K.J., Laupacis A., Logan A.G., Beyene J., Kim S.J. Survival analysis in the presence of competing risks: The example of waitlisted kidney transplant candidates. Am. J. Transplant. 2016 July; 16 (7): 1958–1966. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13717.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arce C.M., Goldstein B.A., Mitani A.A., Lenihan C.R., Winkelmayer W.C. Differences in access to kidney transplantation between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites by geographic location in the United States. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013; 8 (12): 2149–2157. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01560213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arce C.M., Goldstein B.A., Mitani A.A., Lenihan C.R., Winkelmayer W.C. Differences in access to kidney transplantation between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites by geographic location in the United States. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013; 8 (12): 2149–2157. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01560213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim H., An J.N., Kim D.K., Kim M.H., Kim H., Kim Y.L., Park K.S., Oh Y.K., Lim C.S., Kim Y.S., Lee J.P. CRC for ESRD investigators. Elderly peritoneal dialysis compared with elderly hemodialysis patients and younger peritoneal dialysis patients: Competing risk analysis of a Korean prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (6):e0131393. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim H., An J.N., Kim D.K., Kim M.H., Kim H., Kim Y.L., Park K.S., Oh Y.K., Lim C.S., Kim Y.S., Lee J.P. CRC for ESRD investigators. Elderly peritoneal dialysis compared with elderly hemodialysis patients and younger peritoneal dialysis patients: Competing risk analysis of a Korean prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (6):e0131393. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erişoğlu Ü., Erişoğlu M., Erol H. A mixture model of two different distributions approach to the analysis of heterogeneous survival data. International Journal of Computational and Mathematical Sciences. 2011; 5 (2): 75–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erişoğlu Ü., Erişoğlu M., Erol H. A mixture model of two different distributions approach to the analysis of heterogeneous survival data. International Journal of Computational and Mathematical Sciences. 2011; 5 (2): 75–79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yusuf Abbakar Mohammed, Bidin Yatim, Suzilah Ismail. A parametric mixture model of three different distributions: An approach to analyse heterogeneous survival data. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2014: 1605–1040.DOI: 10.1063/1.4887734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusuf Abbakar Mohammed, Bidin Yatim, Suzilah Ismail. A parametric mixture model of three different distributions: An approach to analyse heterogeneous survival data. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2014: 1605–1040.DOI: 10.1063/1.4887734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau B., Cole S.R., Moore S.R., Gange S.J. Evaluating competing adverse and beneficial outcomes using a mixture model. Stat. Med. 2008; 27 (21): 4313–4327. DOI:10.1002/sim.3293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau B., Cole S.R., Moore S.R., Gange S.J. Evaluating competing adverse and beneficial outcomes using a mixture model. Stat. Med. 2008; 27 (21): 4313–4327. DOI:10.1002/sim.3293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larson M.G., Dinse G.E. A mixture model for the regression analysis of competing risks data. J. of the Royal Stat. Soc. Ser. C. 1985; 34: 201–211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larson M.G., Dinse G.E. A mixture model for the regression analysis of competing risks data. J. of the Royal Stat. Soc. Ser. C. 1985; 34: 201–211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuk A.Y.C. A semiparametric mixture model for the analysis of competing risks data. Austral. J. Statist. 1992; 34: 169–180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuk A.Y.C. A semiparametric mixture model for the analysis of competing risks data. Austral. J. Statist. 1992; 34: 169–180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicolaie M.A., van Houwelingen H.C., Putter H. Vertical modeling: a pattern mixture approach for competing risks modeling. Stat. Med. 2010; 29 (11): 1190–1205. DOI: 10.1002/sim.3844.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicolaie M.A., van Houwelingen H.C., Putter H. Vertical modeling: a pattern mixture approach for competing risks modeling. Stat. Med. 2010; 29 (11): 1190–1205. DOI: 10.1002/sim.3844.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicolaie M.A., Taylor J.M.G., Legrand C. Vertical modeling: analysis of competing risks data with a cure fraction. Lifetime Data Anal. 2019; 25 (1): 1–25. DOI:10.1007/s10985-018-9417-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicolaie M.A., Taylor J.M.G., Legrand C. Vertical modeling: analysis of competing risks data with a cure fraction. Lifetime Data Anal. 2019; 25 (1): 1–25. DOI:10.1007/s10985-018-9417-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trébern-Launay K., Kessler M., Bayat-Makoei S., Quйrard A.H., Brianзon S., Giral M., Foucher Y. Horizontal mixture model for competing risks: a method used in waitlisted renal transplant candidates. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2018; 33 (3): 275–286. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0322-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trébern-Launay K., Kessler M., Bayat-Makoei S., Quйrard A.H., Brianзon S., Giral M., Foucher Y. Horizontal mixture model for competing risks: a method used in waitlisted renal transplant candidates. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2018; 33 (3): 275–286. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0322-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersen P.K., Keiding N. Interpretability and importance of functionals in competing risks and multistate models. Stat. Med. 2012; 31 (11–12): 1074–1088. DOI:10.1002/sim.4385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersen P.K., Keiding N. Interpretability and importance of functionals in competing risks and multistate models. Stat. Med. 2012; 31 (11–12): 1074–1088. DOI:10.1002/sim.4385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart A., Smith J.M., Skeans M.A., Gustafson S.K., Wilk A.R., Robinson A., Wainright J.L., Haynes C.R., Snyder J.J., Kasiske B.L., Israni A.K. OPTN/SRTR 2016 Annual Data Report: Kidney. Am. J. Transplant. 2018; 18 Suppl. 1: 18–113. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14557.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart A., Smith J.M., Skeans M.A., Gustafson S.K., Wilk A.R., Robinson A., Wainright J.L., Haynes C.R., Snyder J.J., Kasiske B.L., Israni A.K. OPTN/SRTR 2016 Annual Data Report: Kidney. Am. J. Transplant. 2018; 18 Suppl. 1: 18–113. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14557.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schold J., Srinivas T.R., Sehgal A.R., Meier-Kriesche H.U. Half of kidney transplant candidates who are older than 60 years now placed on the waiting list will die before receiving a deceased-donor transplant. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009; 4 (7): 1239–1245. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01280209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schold J., Srinivas T.R., Sehgal A.R., Meier-Kriesche H.U. Half of kidney transplant candidates who are older than 60 years now placed on the waiting list will die before receiving a deceased-donor transplant. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009; 4 (7): 1239–1245. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01280209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau B., Cole S.R., Gange S.J. Competing risk regression models for epidemiologic data. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009; 170 (2): 244–256. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau B., Cole S.R., Gange S.J. Competing risk regression models for epidemiologic data. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009; 170 (2): 244–256. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
