ssmuБюллетень сибирской медициныBulletin of Siberian Medicine1682-03631819-3684Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation10.20538/1682-0363-2019-3-164-174ssmu-2414Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEW AND LECTURESОткрытые и эндоваскулярные оперативные вмешательства при стенозе периферических отделов фистульных венOpen and endovascular surgery for stenosis of the peripheral regions of arteriovenous fistulaКарданахишвилиЗ. Б.KardanakhishviliZ. B.

аспирант, кафедра трансплантологии, нефрологии и искусственных органов,

 129110, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2, корпус 6

Postgraduate Student, Department of Transplantology, Nephrology and Artificial Organs,

129110, Moscow, Shchepkina Str., 61/2, building 6

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-7887ЗулькарнаевА. Б.ZulkarnaevA. B.

д-р мед. наук, гл. науч. сотрудник, хирургическое отделение трансплантологии и диализа,

129110, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2, корпус 6

DM, Principal Researcher, Surgical Department of Transplantation and Dialysis,

129110, Moscow, Shchepkina Str., 61/2, building 6

7059899@gmail.comМосковский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт (МОНИКИ) им. М.Ф. ВладимирскогоРоссияMoscow Regional Research and Clinical InstituteRussian Federation201927102019183164174Copyright © Карданахишвили З.Б., Зулькарнаев А.Б., 20192019Карданахишвили З.Б., Зулькарнаев А.Б.Kardanakhishvili Z.B., Zulkarnaev A.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/2414

Сосудистый доступ – краеугольный камень гемодиализа. При дисфункции сосудистого доступа значительно ухудшаются результаты лечения пациентов с хронической болезнью почек V стадии. Одной из наиболее частых причин дисфункции сосудистого доступа является стеноз периферического отдела фистульной вены. Несмотря на многообразие инициирующих факторов, морфологическим субстратом стенотического поражения фистульной вены (или артериовенозного анастомоза) в большинстве случаев является неоинтимальная гиперплазия. Стенотическое поражение фистульной вены сильно ассоциировано с повышенным риском тромбоза и утратой сосудистого доступа. Можно условно выделить четыре характерные локализации стеноза: артериовенозный или артериопротезный анастомоз, стеноз юкстаанастомотического сегмента фистульной вены, стеноз фистульной вены на протяжении «функционального» сегмента, стеноз «плечевой дуги».

Показаниями к оперативному лечению в подавляющем большинстве случаев являются нарушение функции сосудистого доступа и гораздо реже – клиническая симптоматика венозной недостаточности.

Известны различные методы открытой реконструкции стенозированного участка фистульной вены: резекция, протезирование синтетическим сосудистым протезом, протезирование или пластика стенки аутовеной, полное или частичное дренирование пристенотического сегмента вены и др. Постепенно набирает популярность альтернативный метод пластики стеноза при помощи эндоваскулярных вмешательств. В отличие от стенозов центральных вен, где эндоваскулярные вмешательства являются золотым стандартом, при стенозе периферических вен это лишь адъювантый метод. Осложнения при эндоваскулярных вмешательствах встречаются крайне редко.

Несмотря на то, что эндоваскулярные вмешательства имеют практически абсолютную вероятность технического успеха, первичная проходимость невысока и составляет примерно 50% через полгода. Использование непокрытых стентов не сопровождается увеличением первичной проходимости. Применение стент-графтов позволяет увеличить первичную проходимость, особенно при пластике «проблемных» стенозов в области протезовенозного анастомоза и плечевой дуги.

Множество вопросов, связанных с эндоваскулярными вмешательствами, остаются неразрешенными, что требует продолжения исследований в этом направлении. 

Vascular access is the cornerstone of hemodialysis. With vascular access dysfunction, the results of treatment of patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease significantly deteriorate. One of the most common causes of vascular access failure is peripheral venous stenosis. Despite the variety of initiating factors, the morphological substrate of stenotic damage to the arteriovenous fistula (or arteriovenous anastomosis) in most cases is neointimal hyperplasia. Stenotic lesions of the arterivenous fistula are strongly associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and loss of vascular access. There are 4 typical localizations of stenosis: arteriovenous or arteriograft anastomosis, stenosis of the juxta-anastomotic segment of the fistula, stenosis of the functional segment of the fistula, and stenosis of the cephalic arc.

The most common indication for surgical treatment is vascular access failure; less common indications are clinical symptoms of venous insufficiency.

There are various methods of open reconstruction of the stenotic segment of the fistula vein: resection, prosthetics with a synthetic vascular graft, prosthetics or plastic repair of the autologous vein wall, complete or partial drainage of the prestenotic segment of the vein, etc. Currently an alternative method of stenosis repair using endovascular interventions is gaining popularity. In contrast to central vein stenosis, where endovascular interventions are the gold standard, in peripheral vein stenosis it is only an adjuvant method. Complications of endovascular interventions are extremely rare.

Despite the fact that endovascular interventions have almost absolute probability of technical success, the primary patency is not high and is about 50% in six months. The use of bare stents is not accompanied by an increase in primary patency. The use of stent-grafts can increase the primary patency, especially in the plastic repair of challenging stenoses of the graft-vein anastomosis or cephalic arch.

Many issues related to endovascular interventions remain unresolved, which requires further research. 

сосудистый доступгемодиализстенозангиопластикаартериовенозная фистуласосудистый протезстентvascular accesshemodialysisstenosisangioplastyarteriovenous fistulavascular graftstentReferencesEuropean Renal Association – European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry Annual Report 2015. 2017. URL: https://www.era-edta-reg.org/files/annualreports/pdf/AnnRep2015.pdfEuropean Renal Association – European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry Annual Report 2015. 2017. URL: https://www.era-edta-reg.org/files/annualreports/pdf/AnnRep2015.pdfUnited States Renal Data System. 2016 USRDS annual data report. Vol. 2 – End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the United States: 1 Incidence, Prevalence, Patient Characteristics, and Treatment Modalities 2016. URL: https:// www.usrds.org/2016/view/Default.aspxUnited States Renal Data System. 2016 USRDS annual data report. Vol. 2 – End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the United States: 1 Incidence, Prevalence, Patient Characteristics, and Treatment Modalities 2016. URL: https:// www.usrds.org/2016/view/Default.aspxТомилина Н.А., Андрусев А.М., Перегудова Н.Г., Шинкарев М.Б. Çаместительная терапия терминальной хронической почечной недостаточности в Российской Федерации в 2010–2015 гг. Отчет по данным обще российского регистра заместительной почечной терапии Российского диализного общества, часть первая. Нефрология и диализ. 2017; 19 (4, приложение): 1–95. DOI: 10.28996/1680-4422-2017-4suppl-1-95.Tomilina N.A., Andrusev A.M., Peregudova N.G., Shinkarev M.B. Renal replacement therapy for End Stage Renal Disease in the Russian Federation, 2010–2015. Russian National Renal Replacement Therapy Registry Report of Russian Public Organization of Nephrologists “Russian Dialysis Society”, Pt 1. Nephrology and Dialysis. 2017; 19 (4, Suppl.): 1–95. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.28996/1680-4422-2017-4suppl-1-95.Mickley V. Central vein obstruction in vascular access. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2006; 32 (4): 439–444.Mickley V. Central vein obstruction in vascular access. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2006; 32 (4): 439–444.Pirozzi N., Garcia-Medina J., Hanoy M. Stenosis complicating vascular access for hemodialysis: indications for treatment. J. Vasc. Access. 2014; 15 (2): 76–82. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000194.Pirozzi N., Garcia-Medina J., Hanoy M. Stenosis complicating vascular access for hemodialysis: indications for treatment. J. Vasc. Access. 2014; 15 (2): 76–82. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000194.Widmer M.K., Malik J. (eds): Patient Safety in Dialysis Access. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 2015; 184: 1–270.Widmer M.K., Malik J. (eds): Patient Safety in Dialysis Access. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 2015; 184: 1–270.Kim Y.O., Yang C.W., Yoon S.A., Chun K.A., Kim N.I., Park J.S., Kim B.S., Kim Y.S., Chang Y.S., Bang B.K. Access blood flow as a predictor of early failures of native arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 2001; 21 (3): 221–225.Kim Y.O., Yang C.W., Yoon S.A., Chun K.A., Kim N.I., Park J.S., Kim B.S., Kim Y.S., Chang Y.S., Bang B.K. Access blood flow as a predictor of early failures of native arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 2001; 21 (3): 221–225.van der Linden J., Lameris T.W., van den Meiracker A.H., de Smet A.A., Blankestijn P.J., van den Dorpel M.A. Forearm venous distensibility predicts successful arteriovenous fistula. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006; 47 (6): 1013–1019.van der Linden J., Lameris T.W., van den Meiracker A.H., de Smet A.A., Blankestijn P.J., van den Dorpel M.A. Forearm venous distensibility predicts successful arteriovenous fistula. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006; 47 (6): 1013–1019.Miller C.D., Robbin M.L., Allon M. Gender differences in outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003; 63 (1): 346–352.Miller C.D., Robbin M.L., Allon M. Gender differences in outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003; 63 (1): 346–352.Obialo C.I., Tagoe A.T., Martin P.C., Asche-Crowe P.E. Adequacy and survival of autogenous arteriovenous fistula in African American hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J. 2003; 49 (4): 435–329.Obialo C.I., Tagoe A.T., Martin P.C., Asche-Crowe P.E. Adequacy and survival of autogenous arteriovenous fistula in African American hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J. 2003; 49 (4): 435–329.ChecheriŢă I.A., TuŢă L.A., David C., Peride I., Niculae A., Geavlete B.F., Pricop C., Ion D.A. An overview of permanent vascular access in hemodialyzed patients. Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol. 2015; 56 (1): 27–31.ChecheriŢă I.A., TuŢă L.A., David C., Peride I., Niculae A., Geavlete B.F., Pricop C., Ion D.A. An overview of permanent vascular access in hemodialyzed patients. Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol. 2015; 56 (1): 27–31.Kim Y.O., Song H.C., Yoon S.A., Yang C.W., Kim N.I., Choi Y.J., Lee E.J., Kim W.Y., Chang Y.S., Bang B.K. Preexisting intimal hyperplasia of radial artery is associated with early failure of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2003; 41 (2): 422–428.Kim Y.O., Song H.C., Yoon S.A., Yang C.W., Kim N.I., Choi Y.J., Lee E.J., Kim W.Y., Chang Y.S., Bang B.K. Preexisting intimal hyperplasia of radial artery is associated with early failure of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2003; 41 (2): 422–428.Stolic R. Most important chronic complications of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Med. Princ. Pract. 2013; 22 (3): 220–228. DOI: 10.1159/000343669.Stolic R. Most important chronic complications of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Med. Princ. Pract. 2013; 22 (3): 220–228. DOI: 10.1159/000343669.Brahmbhatt A., Misra S. The Biology of Hemodialysis Vascular Access Failure. Semin. Intervent. Radiol. 2016; 33 (1): 15–20. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572355.Brahmbhatt A., Misra S. The Biology of Hemodialysis Vascular Access Failure. Semin. Intervent. Radiol. 2016; 33 (1): 15–20. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572355.Morris S.T., McMurray J.J., Rodger R.S., Jardine A.G. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in uraemia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2000; 15 (8): 1194–200.Morris S.T., McMurray J.J., Rodger R.S., Jardine A.G. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in uraemia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2000; 15 (8): 1194–200.Kooman J.P., Wijnen J.A., Draaijer P., van Bortel L.M., Gladziwa U., Peltenburg H.G., Struyker-Boudier H.A., van Hooff J.P., Leunissen K.M. Compliance and reactivity of the peripheral venous system in chronic intermittent hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1992; 41 (4): 1041–1048.Kooman J.P., Wijnen J.A., Draaijer P., van Bortel L.M., Gladziwa U., Peltenburg H.G., Struyker-Boudier H.A., van Hooff J.P., Leunissen K.M. Compliance and reactivity of the peripheral venous system in chronic intermittent hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1992; 41 (4): 1041–1048.Wali M.A., Eid R.A., Al-Homrany M.A. Smooth muscle changes in the cephalic vein of renal failure patients before use as an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). J. Smooth Muscle Res. 2002; 38 (3): 75–85.Wali M.A., Eid R.A., Al-Homrany M.A. Smooth muscle changes in the cephalic vein of renal failure patients before use as an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). J. Smooth Muscle Res. 2002; 38 (3): 75–85.Quencer K.B., Arici M. Arteriovenous fistulas and their characteristic sites of stenosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2015; 205 (4): 726–734. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.15.14650.Quencer K.B., Arici M. Arteriovenous fistulas and their characteristic sites of stenosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2015; 205 (4): 726–734. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.15.14650.Alpers C.E., Imrey P.B., Hudkins K.L., Wietecha T.A., Radeva M., Allon M., Cheung A.K., Dember L.M., Roy-Chaudhury P., Shiu Y.T., Terry C.M., Farber A., Beck G.J., Feldman H.I., Kusek J.W., Himmelfarb J. Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study Group. Histopathology of Veins Obtained at Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Creation Surgery. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2017; 28 (10): 3076–3088. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2016050598.Alpers C.E., Imrey P.B., Hudkins K.L., Wietecha T.A., Radeva M., Allon M., Cheung A.K., Dember L.M., Roy-Chaudhury P., Shiu Y.T., Terry C.M., Farber A., Beck G.J., Feldman H.I., Kusek J.W., Himmelfarb J. Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study Group. Histopathology of Veins Obtained at Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Creation Surgery. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2017; 28 (10): 3076–3088. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2016050598.Akman B., Afsar B., Ataç F.B., Ibis A., Arat Z., Sezer S., Ozdemir F.N., Haberal M. Predictors of vascular access thrombosis among patients on the cadaveric renal transplantation waiting list. Transplant. Proc. 2006; 38 (2): 413–415.Akman B., Afsar B., Ataç F.B., Ibis A., Arat Z., Sezer S., Ozdemir F.N., Haberal M. Predictors of vascular access thrombosis among patients on the cadaveric renal transplantation waiting list. Transplant. Proc. 2006; 38 (2): 413–415.Stolic R.V., Trajkovic G.Z., Peric V.M., Jovanovic A.N., Markovic S.R., Sovtic S.R., Subaric-Gorgieva G.Dj. The influence of atherosclerosis and plasma D-dimer concentration in patients with a functioning arteriovenous fistula for maintenance hemodialysis. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2008; 40 (2): 503–508. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-007-9321-8.Stolic R.V., Trajkovic G.Z., Peric V.M., Jovanovic A.N., Markovic S.R., Sovtic S.R., Subaric-Gorgieva G.Dj. The influence of atherosclerosis and plasma D-dimer concentration in patients with a functioning arteriovenous fistula for maintenance hemodialysis. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2008; 40 (2): 503–508. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-007-9321-8.Miller L.M., MacRae J.M., Kiaii M., Clark E., Dipchand C., Kappel J., Lok C., Luscombe R., Moist L., Oliver M., Pike P., Hiremath S.; Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group. Hemodialysis tunneled catheter noninfectious complications. Can. J. Kidney Health Dis. 2016; (3): 2054358116669130. DOI: 10.1177/2054358116669130.Miller L.M., MacRae J.M., Kiaii M., Clark E., Dipchand C., Kappel J., Lok C., Luscombe R., Moist L., Oliver M., Pike P., Hiremath S.; Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group. Hemodialysis tunneled catheter noninfectious complications. Can. J. Kidney Health Dis. 2016; (3): 2054358116669130. DOI: 10.1177/2054358116669130.Schmidli J., Widmer M.K., Basile C., de Donato G., Gallieni M., Gibbons C.P., Haage P., Hamilton G., Hedin U., Kamper L., Lazarides M.K., Lindsey B., Mestres G., Pegoraro M., Roy J., Setacci C., Shemesh D., Tordoir J.H.M., van Loon M., Esvs Guidelines Committee, Kolh P., de Borst G.J., Chakfe N., Debus S., Hinchliffe R., Kakkos S., Koncar I., Lindholt J., Naylor R., Vega de Ceniga M., Vermassen F., Verzini F., Esvs Guidelines Reviewers, Mohaupt M., Ricco J.B., Roca-Tey R. Editor’s Choice – Vascular Access: 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2018; 55 (6): 757–818. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.02.001.Schmidli J., Widmer M.K., Basile C., de Donato G., Gallieni M., Gibbons C.P., Haage P., Hamilton G., Hedin U., Kamper L., Lazarides M.K., Lindsey B., Mestres G., Pegoraro M., Roy J., Setacci C., Shemesh D., Tordoir J.H.M., van Loon M., Esvs Guidelines Committee, Kolh P., de Borst G.J., Chakfe N., Debus S., Hinchliffe R., Kakkos S., Koncar I., Lindholt J., Naylor R., Vega de Ceniga M., Vermassen F., Verzini F., Esvs Guidelines Reviewers, Mohaupt M., Ricco J.B., Roca-Tey R. Editor’s Choice – Vascular Access: 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2018; 55 (6): 757–818. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.02.001.Trerotola S.O., Kothari S., Sammarco T.E., Chittams J.L. Central venous stenosis is more often symptomatic in hemodialysis patients with grafts compared with fistulas. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2015; 26 (2): 240–246. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.10.048.Trerotola S.O., Kothari S., Sammarco T.E., Chittams J.L. Central venous stenosis is more often symptomatic in hemodialysis patients with grafts compared with fistulas. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2015; 26 (2): 240–246. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.10.048.Jennings W.C., Miller G.A., Coburn M.Z., Howard C.A., Lawless M.A. Vascular access flow reduction for arte riovenous fistula salvage in symptomatic patients with central venous occlusion. J. Vasc. Access. 2012; 13 (2): 157–162. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000020.Jennings W.C., Miller G.A., Coburn M.Z., Howard C.A., Lawless M.A. Vascular access flow reduction for arte riovenous fistula salvage in symptomatic patients with central venous occlusion. J. Vasc. Access. 2012; 13 (2): 157–162. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000020.Metcalfe W., Khan I.H., Prescott G.J., Simpson K., Macleod A.M. Hospitalization in the first year of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease. QJM. 2003; 96 (12): 899–909.Metcalfe W., Khan I.H., Prescott G.J., Simpson K., Macleod A.M. Hospitalization in the first year of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease. QJM. 2003; 96 (12): 899–909.Santoro D., Benedetto F., Mondello P., Pipitò N., Barillà D., Spinelli F., Ricciardi C.A., Cernaro V., Buemi M. Vascular access for hemodialysis: current perspectives. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2014; 7: 281–294. DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S46643.Santoro D., Benedetto F., Mondello P., Pipitò N., Barillà D., Spinelli F., Ricciardi C.A., Cernaro V., Buemi M. Vascular access for hemodialysis: current perspectives. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2014; 7: 281–294. DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S46643.Kian K., Asif A. Cephalic arch stenosis. Semin. Dial. 2008; 21 (1): 78–82.Kian K., Asif A. Cephalic arch stenosis. Semin. Dial. 2008; 21 (1): 78–82.Daoui R., Asif A. Cephalic arch stenosis: mechanisms and management strategies. Semin. Nephrol. 2012; 32 (6): 538–544. DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.10.004.Daoui R., Asif A. Cephalic arch stenosis: mechanisms and management strategies. Semin. Nephrol. 2012; 32 (6): 538–544. DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.10.004.Badero O.J., Salifu M.O., Wasse H., Work J. Frequency of swing-segment stenosis in referred dialysis patients with angiographically documented lesions. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008; 51 (1): 93–98.Badero O.J., Salifu M.O., Wasse H., Work J. Frequency of swing-segment stenosis in referred dialysis patients with angiographically documented lesions. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008; 51 (1): 93–98.Lawrence P.F., Miller F.J. Jr., Mineaud E. Balloon catheter dilatation in patients with failing arteriovenous fistulas. Surgery. 1981; 89 (4): 439–442.Lawrence P.F., Miller F.J. Jr., Mineaud E. Balloon catheter dilatation in patients with failing arteriovenous fistulas. Surgery. 1981; 89 (4): 439–442.Tordoir J.H.M., Bode A.S., Peppelenbosch N., van der Sande F.M., de Haan M.W. Surgical or endovascular repair of thrombosed dialysis vascular access: Is there any evidence? Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2009; 50 (4): 953–956. DOI: 10.016/j.jvs.2009.06.058.Tordoir J.H.M., Bode A.S., Peppelenbosch N., van der Sande F.M., de Haan M.W. Surgical or endovascular repair of thrombosed dialysis vascular access: Is there any evidence? Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2009; 50 (4): 953–956. DOI: 10.016/j.jvs.2009.06.058.Napoli M., Prudenzano R., Russo F., Antonaci A.L., Aprile M., Buongiorno E. Juxta-anastomotic stenosis of native arteriovenous fistulas: surgical treatment versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The Journal of Vascular Access. 2010; 11 (4): 346–351. DOI: 10.5301/JVA.2010.5968.Napoli M., Prudenzano R., Russo F., Antonaci A.L., Aprile M., Buongiorno E. Juxta-anastomotic stenosis of native arteriovenous fistulas: surgical treatment versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The Journal of Vascular Access. 2010; 11 (4): 346–351. DOI: 10.5301/JVA.2010.5968.Long B., Brichart N., Lermusiaux P., Turmel-Rodrigues L., Artru B., Boutin J.M., Pengloan J., Bertrand P., Bruyère F. Management of perianastomotic stenosis of direct wrist autogenous radial-cephalic arteriovenous accesses for dialysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011; 53 (1): 108–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.007.Long B., Brichart N., Lermusiaux P., Turmel-Rodrigues L., Artru B., Boutin J.M., Pengloan J., Bertrand P., Bruyère F. Management of perianastomotic stenosis of direct wrist autogenous radial-cephalic arteriovenous accesses for dialysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011; 53 (1): 108–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.007.Kwon H., Choi J.Y., Ko H.K., Kim M.J., Kim H., Park H., Han Y., Ko G.Y., Kwon T.W., Cho Y.P. Comparison of surgical and endovascular salvage procedures for juxta-Anastomotic stenosis in autogenous wrist radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2014; 28 (8): 1840–1846. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2014.06.060.Kwon H., Choi J.Y., Ko H.K., Kim M.J., Kim H., Park H., Han Y., Ko G.Y., Kwon T.W., Cho Y.P. Comparison of surgical and endovascular salvage procedures for juxta-Anastomotic stenosis in autogenous wrist radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2014; 28 (8): 1840–1846. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2014.06.060.Bountouris I., Kristmundsson T., Dias N., Zdanowski Z., Malina M. Is Repeat PTA of a Failing Hemodialysis Fistula Durable? Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2014; (2014): 369687. DOI: 10.1155/2014/369687.Bountouris I., Kristmundsson T., Dias N., Zdanowski Z., Malina M. Is Repeat PTA of a Failing Hemodialysis Fistula Durable? Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2014; (2014): 369687. DOI: 10.1155/2014/369687.Ayez N., Fioole B., Aarts R.A., van den Dorpel M.A., Akkersdijk G.P., Dinkelman M.K., de Smet A.A. Secondary interventions in patients with autologous arteriovenous fistulas strongly improve patency rates. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011; 54 (4): 1095–1099. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.04.023.Ayez N., Fioole B., Aarts R.A., van den Dorpel M.A., Akkersdijk G.P., Dinkelman M.K., de Smet A.A. Secondary interventions in patients with autologous arteriovenous fistulas strongly improve patency rates. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011; 54 (4): 1095–1099. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.04.023.Ljungström K.-G., Troëng T., Björck M. Time-trends in Vascular Access Surgery in Sweden 1987-2006. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2008; 36 (5): 592–596. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.07.014.Ljungström K.-G., Troëng T., Björck M. Time-trends in Vascular Access Surgery in Sweden 1987-2006. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2008; 36 (5): 592–596. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.07.014.Argyriou C., Schoretsanitis N., Georgakarakos E.I., Georgiadis G.S., Lazarides M.K. Preemptive open surgical vs. endovascular repair for juxta-anastomotic stenoses of autogenous AV fistulae: a meta-analysis. J. Vasc. Access. 2015; 16 (6): 454–458. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000444.Argyriou C., Schoretsanitis N., Georgakarakos E.I., Georgiadis G.S., Lazarides M.K. Preemptive open surgical vs. endovascular repair for juxta-anastomotic stenoses of autogenous AV fistulae: a meta-analysis. J. Vasc. Access. 2015; 16 (6): 454–458. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000444.Heye S., Maleux G., Vaninbroukx J., Claes K., Kuypers D., Oyen R. Factors influencing technical success and outcome of percutaneous balloon angioplasty in de novo native hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. Eur. J. Radiol. 2012; 81 (9): 2298–2303. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.09.004.Heye S., Maleux G., Vaninbroukx J., Claes K., Kuypers D., Oyen R. Factors influencing technical success and outcome of percutaneous balloon angioplasty in de novo native hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. Eur. J. Radiol. 2012; 81 (9): 2298–2303. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.09.004.Caeiro F., Carvalho D., Cruz J., Ribeiro Santos J., Nolasco F. Efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on dysfunctional fistulae because of inflow stenosis. J. Vasc. Access. 2013; 14 (3): 231–238. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000129.Caeiro F., Carvalho D., Cruz J., Ribeiro Santos J., Nolasco F. Efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on dysfunctional fistulae because of inflow stenosis. J. Vasc. Access. 2013; 14 (3): 231–238. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000129.Neuen B.L., Gunnarsson R., Baer R.A., Tosenovsky P., Green S.J., Golledge J., Mantha M.L. Factors associated with patency following angioplasty of hemodialysis fistulae. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2014; 25 (9): 1419–1426. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.05.020.Neuen B.L., Gunnarsson R., Baer R.A., Tosenovsky P., Green S.J., Golledge J., Mantha M.L. Factors associated with patency following angioplasty of hemodialysis fistulae. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2014; 25 (9): 1419–1426. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.05.020.Neuen B.L., Gunnarsson R., Webster A.C., Baer R.A., Golledge J., Mantha M.L. Predictors of patency after balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis fistulas: a systematic review. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2014; 25 (6): 917–924. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.02.010.Neuen B.L., Gunnarsson R., Webster A.C., Baer R.A., Golledge J., Mantha M.L. Predictors of patency after balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis fistulas: a systematic review. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2014; 25 (6): 917–924. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.02.010.Chan K.E., Pflederer T.A., Steele D.J., Lilly M.P., Ikizler T.A., Maddux F.W., Hakim R.M. Access survival amongst hemodialysis patients referred for preventive angiography and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011; 6 (11): 2669–2680. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.02860311.Chan K.E., Pflederer T.A., Steele D.J., Lilly M.P., Ikizler T.A., Maddux F.W., Hakim R.M. Access survival amongst hemodialysis patients referred for preventive angiography and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011; 6 (11): 2669–2680. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.02860311.Greenberg J.I., Suliman A., Angle N. Endovascular dialysis interventions in the era of DOQI. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 2008; 22 (5): 657–662. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008. 03.006.Greenberg J.I., Suliman A., Angle N. Endovascular dialysis interventions in the era of DOQI. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 2008; 22 (5): 657–662. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008. 03.006.Flu H., Breslau P.J., Krol-van Straaten J.M., Hamming J.F., Lardenoye J.W. The effect of implementation of an optimized care protocol on the outcome of arteriovenous hemodialysis access surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 2008; 48 (3): 659–668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.04.002.Flu H., Breslau P.J., Krol-van Straaten J.M., Hamming J.F., Lardenoye J.W. The effect of implementation of an optimized care protocol on the outcome of arteriovenous hemodialysis access surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 2008; 48 (3): 659–668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.04.002.Miquelin D.G., Reis L.F., da Silva A.A., de Godoy J.M. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of stenosis of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Int. Arch. Med. 2008; 1 (1): 16. DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-1-16.Miquelin D.G., Reis L.F., da Silva A.A., de Godoy J.M. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of stenosis of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Int. Arch. Med. 2008; 1 (1): 16. DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-1-16.Tessitore N., Mansueto G., Lipari G., Bedogna V., Tardivo S., Baggio E., Cenzi D., Carbognin G., Poli A., Lupo A. Endovascular versus surgical preemptive repair of forearm arteriovenous fistula juxta-anastomotic stenosis: analysis of data collected prospectively from 1999 to 2004. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006; 1 (3): 448–454.Tessitore N., Mansueto G., Lipari G., Bedogna V., Tardivo S., Baggio E., Cenzi D., Carbognin G., Poli A., Lupo A. Endovascular versus surgical preemptive repair of forearm arteriovenous fistula juxta-anastomotic stenosis: analysis of data collected prospectively from 1999 to 2004. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006; 1 (3): 448–454.Kipiani V.K., Parkosadze G.L., Gogorishvili I.R., Urushadze O.P., Kipiani K.B., Kipshidze N.N. Endovascular treatment of stenosis of autogenous arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Georgian Med. News. 2009; (166): 13–17.Kipiani V.K., Parkosadze G.L., Gogorishvili I.R., Urushadze O.P., Kipiani K.B., Kipshidze N.N. Endovascular treatment of stenosis of autogenous arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Georgian Med. News. 2009; (166): 13–17.Oderich G.S., Treiman G.S., Schneider P., Bhirangi K. Stent placement for treatment of central and peripheral venous obstruction: a long-term multi-institutional experience. J. Vasc. Surg. 2000; 32 (4): 760–769.Oderich G.S., Treiman G.S., Schneider P., Bhirangi K. Stent placement for treatment of central and peripheral venous obstruction: a long-term multi-institutional experience. J. Vasc. Surg. 2000; 32 (4): 760–769.Saleh H.M., Gabr A.K., Tawfik M.M., Abouellail H. Prospective, randomized study of cutting balloon angioplasty versus conventional balloon angioplasty for the treatment of hemodialysis access stenoses. J. Vasc. Surg. 2014; 60 (3): 735–740. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.002.Saleh H.M., Gabr A.K., Tawfik M.M., Abouellail H. Prospective, randomized study of cutting balloon angioplasty versus conventional balloon angioplasty for the treatment of hemodialysis access stenoses. J. Vasc. Surg. 2014; 60 (3): 735–740. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.002.Kumar S., Mahajan N., Patil S.S., Singh N., Dasgupta S., Tejavath S., Singh S., Kenwar D.B., Sharma A., Minz M. Ultrasound-guided angioplasty for treatment of peripheral stenosis of arteriovenous fistula – a single-center experience. J. Vasc. Access. 2017; 18 (1): 52–56. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000626.Kumar S., Mahajan N., Patil S.S., Singh N., Dasgupta S., Tejavath S., Singh S., Kenwar D.B., Sharma A., Minz M. Ultrasound-guided angioplasty for treatment of peripheral stenosis of arteriovenous fistula – a single-center experience. J. Vasc. Access. 2017; 18 (1): 52–56. DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000626.Aftab S.A., Tay K.H., Irani F.G., Gong Lo R.H., Gogna A., Haaland B., Tan S.G., Chng S.P., Pasupathy S., Choong H.L., Tan B.S. Randomized clinical trial of cutting balloon angioplasty versus high-pressure balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenoses resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty. J. Vasc. Interv Radiol. 2014; 25 (2): 190–198. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvir.2013.10.020.Aftab S.A., Tay K.H., Irani F.G., Gong Lo R.H., Gogna A., Haaland B., Tan S.G., Chng S.P., Pasupathy S., Choong H.L., Tan B.S. Randomized clinical trial of cutting balloon angioplasty versus high-pressure balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenoses resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty. J. Vasc. Interv Radiol. 2014; 25 (2): 190–198. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvir.2013.10.020.Romann A., Beaulieu M.C., Rhéaume P., Clement J., Sidhu R., Kiaii M. Risk factors associated with arteriovenous fistula failure after first radiologic intervention. J. Vasc. Access. 2016; 17 (2): 167–174. DOI: 10.5301/ jva.5000459.Romann A., Beaulieu M.C., Rhéaume P., Clement J., Sidhu R., Kiaii M. Risk factors associated with arteriovenous fistula failure after first radiologic intervention. J. Vasc. Access. 2016; 17 (2): 167–174. DOI: 10.5301/ jva.5000459.Saeed F., Kousar N., Sinnakirouchenan R., Ramalingam V.S., Johnson P.B., Holley J.L. Blood Loss through AV Fistula: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int. J. Nephrol. 2011; 2011: 350870. DOI: 10.4061/2011/350870.Saeed F., Kousar N., Sinnakirouchenan R., Ramalingam V.S., Johnson P.B., Holley J.L. Blood Loss through AV Fistula: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int. J. Nephrol. 2011; 2011: 350870. DOI: 10.4061/2011/350870.Van Tricht I., De Wachter D., Tordoir J., Verdonck P. Hemodynamics and complications encountered with arteriovenous fistulas and grafts as vascular access for hemodialysis: a review. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005; 33 (9): 1142–1157.Van Tricht I., De Wachter D., Tordoir J., Verdonck P. Hemodynamics and complications encountered with arteriovenous fistulas and grafts as vascular access for hemodialysis: a review. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005; 33 (9): 1142–1157.Trerotola S.O., Stavropoulos S.W., Shlansky-Goldberg R., Tuite C.M., Kobrin S., Rudnick M.R. Hemodialysis-related venous stenosis: treatment with ultrahigh-pressure angioplasty balloons. Radiology. 2004; 231 (1): 259–262.Trerotola S.O., Stavropoulos S.W., Shlansky-Goldberg R., Tuite C.M., Kobrin S., Rudnick M.R. Hemodialysis-related venous stenosis: treatment with ultrahigh-pressure angioplasty balloons. Radiology. 2004; 231 (1): 259–262.Kouvelos G.N., Spanos K., Antoniou G.A., Vassilopoulos I., Karathanos C., Matsagkas M.I., Giannoukas A.D. Balloon Angioplasty Versus Stenting for the Treatment of Failing Arteriovenous Grafts: A Meta-Analysis. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2018; 55 (2): 249–256. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.11.011.Kouvelos G.N., Spanos K., Antoniou G.A., Vassilopoulos I., Karathanos C., Matsagkas M.I., Giannoukas A.D. Balloon Angioplasty Versus Stenting for the Treatment of Failing Arteriovenous Grafts: A Meta-Analysis. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2018; 55 (2): 249–256. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.11.011.Trerotola S.O., Lawson J., Roy-Chaudhury P., Saad T.F. Lutonix AV Clinical Trial Investigators. Drug Coated Balloon Angioplasty in Failing AV Fistulas: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2018; 13 (8): 1215–1224. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.14231217.Trerotola S.O., Lawson J., Roy-Chaudhury P., Saad T.F. Lutonix AV Clinical Trial Investigators. Drug Coated Balloon Angioplasty in Failing AV Fistulas: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2018; 13 (8): 1215–1224. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.14231217.Fu N., Joachim E., Yevzlin A.S., Shin J.I., Astor B.C., Chan M.R. A Meta-analysis of Stent Placement vs. Angioplasty for Dialysis Vascular Access Stenosis. Semin. Dial. 2015; 28 (3): 311–317. DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12314.Fu N., Joachim E., Yevzlin A.S., Shin J.I., Astor B.C., Chan M.R. A Meta-analysis of Stent Placement vs. Angioplasty for Dialysis Vascular Access Stenosis. Semin. Dial. 2015; 28 (3): 311–317. DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12314.Shemesh D., Goldin I., Zaghal I., Berlowitz D., Raveh D., Olsha O. Angioplasty with stent graft versus bare stent for recurrent cephalic arch stenosis in autogenous arteriovenous access for hemodialysis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J. Vasc. Surg. 2008; 48 (6): 1524–1531, e1–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.071.Shemesh D., Goldin I., Zaghal I., Berlowitz D., Raveh D., Olsha O. Angioplasty with stent graft versus bare stent for recurrent cephalic arch stenosis in autogenous arteriovenous access for hemodialysis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J. Vasc. Surg. 2008; 48 (6): 1524–1531, e1–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.071.Anaya-Ayala J.E., Smolock C.J., Colvard B.D., Naoum J.J., Bismuth J., Lumsden A.B., Davies M.G., Peden E.K. Efficacy of covered stent placement for central venous occlusive disease in hemodialysis patients. J. Vasc. Surg. 2011; 54 (3): 754–759. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.03.260.Anaya-Ayala J.E., Smolock C.J., Colvard B.D., Naoum J.J., Bismuth J., Lumsden A.B., Davies M.G., Peden E.K. Efficacy of covered stent placement for central venous occlusive disease in hemodialysis patients. J. Vasc. Surg. 2011; 54 (3): 754–759. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.03.260.Kundu S., Modabber M., You J.M., Tam P., Nagai G., Ting R. Use of PTFE stent grafts for hemodialysis-related central venous occlusions: intermediate-term results. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2011; 34 (5): 949–957. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-010-0019-4.Kundu S., Modabber M., You J.M., Tam P., Nagai G., Ting R. Use of PTFE stent grafts for hemodialysis-related central venous occlusions: intermediate-term results. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2011; 34 (5): 949–957. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-010-0019-4.Turmel-Rodrigues L., Bourquelot P., Raynaud A., Sapoval M. Primary stent placement in hemodialysis-related central venous stenoses: the dangers of a potential “radiologic dictatorship”. Radiology. 2000; 217 (2): 600–602.Turmel-Rodrigues L., Bourquelot P., Raynaud A., Sapoval M. Primary stent placement in hemodialysis-related central venous stenoses: the dangers of a potential “radiologic dictatorship”. Radiology. 2000; 217 (2): 600–602.Verstandig A.G., Berelowitz D., Zaghal I., Goldin I., Olsha O., Shamieh B., Shraibman V., Shemesh D. Stent grafts for central venous occlusive disease in patients with ipsilateral hemodialysis access. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2013; 24 (9): 1280–1287; quiz 1288. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.04.016.Verstandig A.G., Berelowitz D., Zaghal I., Goldin I., Olsha O., Shamieh B., Shraibman V., Shemesh D. Stent grafts for central venous occlusive disease in patients with ipsilateral hemodialysis access. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2013; 24 (9): 1280–1287; quiz 1288. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.04.016.Abreo K., Sequeira A. Role of stents in hemodialysis vascular access. J. Vasc. Access. 2018; 19 (4): 341–345. DOI: 10.1177/1129729818761280.Abreo K., Sequeira A. Role of stents in hemodialysis vascular access. J. Vasc. Access. 2018; 19 (4): 341–345. DOI: 10.1177/1129729818761280.Haskal Z.J., Trerotola S., Dolmatch B., Schuman E., Altman S., Mietling S., Berman S., McLennan G., Trimmer C., Ross J., Vesely T. Stent graft versus balloon angioplasty for failing dialysis-access grafts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 362 (6): 494–503. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902045.Haskal Z.J., Trerotola S., Dolmatch B., Schuman E., Altman S., Mietling S., Berman S., McLennan G., Trimmer C., Ross J., Vesely T. Stent graft versus balloon angioplasty for failing dialysis-access grafts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 362 (6): 494–503. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902045.Haskal Z.J., Saad T.F., Hoggard J.G., Cooper R.I., Lipkowitz G.S., Gerges A., Ross J.R., Pflederer T.A., Mietling S.W. Prospective, Randomized, Concurrently-Controlled Study of a Stent Graft versus Balloon Angioplasty for Treatment of Arteriovenous Access Graft Stenosis: 2-Year Results of the RENOVA Study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2016; 27 (8): 1105–1114. e3. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvir.2016.05.019.Haskal Z.J., Saad T.F., Hoggard J.G., Cooper R.I., Lipkowitz G.S., Gerges A., Ross J.R., Pflederer T.A., Mietling S.W. Prospective, Randomized, Concurrently-Controlled Study of a Stent Graft versus Balloon Angioplasty for Treatment of Arteriovenous Access Graft Stenosis: 2-Year Results of the RENOVA Study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2016; 27 (8): 1105–1114. e3. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvir.2016.05.019.Vesely T., DaVanzo W., Behrend T., Dwyer A., Aruny J. Balloon angioplasty versus Viabahn stent graft for treatment of failing or thrombosed prosthetic hemodialysis grafts. J. Vasc. Surg. 2016; 64 (5): 1400–1410. e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.035.Vesely T., DaVanzo W., Behrend T., Dwyer A., Aruny J. Balloon angioplasty versus Viabahn stent graft for treatment of failing or thrombosed prosthetic hemodialysis grafts. J. Vasc. Surg. 2016; 64 (5): 1400–1410. e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.035.Falk A., Maya I.D., Yevzlin A.S.; RESCUE Investigators. A Prospective, Randomized Study of an Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Stent Graft versus Balloon Angioplasty for In-Stent Restenosis in Arteriovenous Grafts and Fistulae: Two-Year Results of the RESCUE Study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2016; 27 (10): 1465–1476. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.06.014.Falk A., Maya I.D., Yevzlin A.S.; RESCUE Investigators. A Prospective, Randomized Study of an Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Stent Graft versus Balloon Angioplasty for In-Stent Restenosis in Arteriovenous Grafts and Fistulae: Two-Year Results of the RESCUE Study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2016; 27 (10): 1465–1476. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.06.014.Tessitore N., Mansueto G., Bedogna V., Lipari G., Poli A., Gammaro L., Baggio E., Morana G., Loschiavo C., Laudon A., Oldrizzi L., Maschio G. A prospective controlled trial on effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on functioning arteriovenous fistulae survival. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14 (6): 1623–1627.Tessitore N., Mansueto G., Bedogna V., Lipari G., Poli A., Gammaro L., Baggio E., Morana G., Loschiavo C., Laudon A., Oldrizzi L., Maschio G. A prospective controlled trial on effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on functioning arteriovenous fistulae survival. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14 (6): 1623–1627.Tessitore N., Bedogna V., Poli A., Lipari G., Pertile P., Baggio E., Contro A., Criscenti P., Mansueto G., Luo A. Should current criteria for detecting and repairing arteriovenous fistula stenosis be reconsidered? Interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2014; 29 (1): 179–187. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/ gft421.Tessitore N., Bedogna V., Poli A., Lipari G., Pertile P., Baggio E., Contro A., Criscenti P., Mansueto G., Luo A. Should current criteria for detecting and repairing arteriovenous fistula stenosis be reconsidered? Interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2014; 29 (1): 179–187. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/ gft421.Malik J., Slavikova M., Svobodova J., Tuka V. Regular ultrasonographic screening significantly prolongs patency of PTFE grafts. Kidney Int. 2005; 67 (4): 1554–1558.Malik J., Slavikova M., Svobodova J., Tuka V. Regular ultrasonographic screening significantly prolongs patency of PTFE grafts. Kidney Int. 2005; 67 (4): 1554–1558.Ravani P., Quinn R.R., Oliver M.J., Karsanji D.J., James M.T., MacRae J.M., Palmer S.C., Strippoli G.F. Pre-emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; (1): CD010709. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010709.pub2.Ravani P., Quinn R.R., Oliver M.J., Karsanji D.J., James M.T., MacRae J.M., Palmer S.C., Strippoli G.F. Pre-emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; (1): CD010709. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010709.pub2.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.