<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ssmu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень сибирской медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Siberian Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-0363</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1819-3684</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-50-58</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ssmu-4905</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Варианты создания гетеротопических и ортотопических PDX-моделей колоректального рака человека</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Variants of creating heterotopic and orthotopic PDX models of human colorectal cancer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9337-5535</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киблицкая</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiblitskaya</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киблицкая Александра Андреевна – научный сотрудник, испытательный лабораторный центр, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kibaleand@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-837X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максимов Алексей Юрьевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заместительгенерального директора по перспективным научным разработкам, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rnioi@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0676-0871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончарова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гончарова Анна Сергеевна – кандидат биологических наук, зав. испытательным лабораторным центром, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fateyeva_a_s@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Непомнящая</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nepomnyashchaya</surname><given-names>Ye. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Непомнящая Евгения Марковна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, врач-патологоанатом, патологоанатомическое отделение, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rnioi@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Златник</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zlatnik</surname><given-names>Ye. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Златник Елена Юрьевна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, лаборатория иммунофенотипирования опухолей, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena-zlatnik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>Г. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yegorov</surname><given-names>G. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егоров Георгий Юрьевич – аспирант, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorovgu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-6199</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукбанова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukbanova</surname><given-names>Ye. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лукбанова Екатерина Алексеевна – науч. сотрудник, испытательный лабораторный центр, НМИЦ онкологии, г. Ростов-на-Дону.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katya.samarskaja@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0088-2990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заикина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaikina</surname><given-names>Ye. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заикина Екатерина Владиславовна – младший научный сотрудник, испытательный лабораторный центр, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katherine_bio@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-3865</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волкова Анастасия Владимировна – младший научный сотрудник, испытательный лабораторный центр, НМИЦ онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я Линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, 14 Liniya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkovaav58@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр (НМИЦ) онкологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Киблицкая А.А., Максимов А.Ю., Гончарова А.С., Непомнящая Е.М., Златник Е.Ю., Егоров Г.Ю., Лукбанова Е.А., Заикина Е.В., Волкова А.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киблицкая А.А., Максимов А.Ю., Гончарова А.С., Непомнящая Е.М., Златник Е.Ю., Егоров Г.Ю., Лукбанова Е.А., Заикина Е.В., Волкова А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiblitskaya A.A., Maksimov A.Y., Goncharova A.S., Nepomnyashchaya Y.M., Zlatnik Y.Y., Yegorov G.Y., Lukbanova Y.A., Zaikina Y.V., Volkova A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/4905">https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/4905</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Создание гетеротопических и ортотопических моделей ксенографтов колоректального рака (КРР), полученных от пациентов (Patient-derived xenograft, PDX-модель), путем трансплантации образцов опухоли пациента иммунодефицитным мышам линии Balb/c nude.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено исследование на 15 самках мышей линии Balb/c nude, возраст 6–8 нед, масса тела 21–25 г. Всем животным проведена трансплантация опухолевого материала, взятого от пациентов с КРР, в следующие сайты: гетеротопические (под кожу бедра, в сальник); ортотопические (в нисходящий и восходящий отделы толстой кишки, в слепую кишку). В течение 80 сут у животных контролировали следующие параметры: массу тела, общее состояние, объем опухолевого узла. Успешность каждой из моделей оценивали по степени приживления, динамике опухолевого роста и воспроизводимости гистопатологических характеристик. По завершению эксперимента животным выполнена эвтаназия методом цервикальной дислокации.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На протяжении всего эксперимента наблюдалась 100%-я выживаемость животных и схожая динамика роста ксенографтов. Анализ гистологических препаратов ксенографтов и опухоли пациентов показал их соответствие умеренно дифференцированной аденокарциноме кишки. Описаны основные преимущества и недостатки создания различных вариантов PDX-моделей.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Гетеротопические и ортотопические PDX-модели воспроизводят морфогистологические признаки человеческой опухоли и обладают устойчивой динамикой роста, следовательно, являются подходящим инструментом для разработки, тестирования и валидации потенциальных лекарственных препаратов против рака.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To create heterotopic and orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of colorectal cancer (CRC) by transplantation of patient’s tumor samples into immunodeficient BALB / c Nude mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was performed on 15 female BALB / c Nude mice aged 6–8 weeks weighing 21–25 g. All animals underwent transplantation of the tumor material obtained from CRC patients into the following sites: heterotopic transplantation (under the skin of the thigh and into the omentum), orthotopic transplantation (into the descending and ascending colon and into the cecum). Weight and general condition of the animals and the size of the tumor nodule had been monitored for 80 days. The success of each model was assessed by the degree of engraftment, the dynamics of tumor growth, and the reproducibility of histopathologic characteristics. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. 100% survival of the animals and similar tumor growth dynamics in the xenograft models were observed throughout the experiment. The analysis of histologic specimens obtained from the xenografts and patient’s tumor showed their correspondence to moderately differentiated intestinal adenocarcinoma. The main advantages and disadvantages of different variants of PDX models were described.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Heterotopic and orthotopic PDX models reproduce the morpho-histologic characteristics of human tumors and demonstrate stable growth dynamics. Therefore, they are a suitable tool for the development, testing, and validation of potential anticancer drugs.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>PDX-модель</kwd><kwd>ксенографт</kwd><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>аденокарцинома</kwd><kwd>ортотопическая трансплантация</kwd><kwd>гетеротопическая трансплантация</kwd><kwd>Balb/с nude</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>PDX model</kwd><kwd>xenograft</kwd><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>adenocarcinoma</kwd><kwd>orthotopic transplantation</kwd><kwd>heterotopic transplantation</kwd><kwd>BALB / с Nude</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров В.Э., Поделякин К.А. Эпидемиологические аспекты колоректального рака (обзор). Медицинский альманах. 2017;4(49):145–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Федоров В.Э., Поделякин К.А. Эпидемиологические аспекты колоректального рака (обзор). Медицинский альманах. 2017;4(49):145–148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Siegel R.L., Torre L.A., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Siegel R.L., Torre L.A., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stastna M., Janeckova L., Hrckulak D., Kriz V., Korinek V. Human colorectal cancer from the perspective of mouse models. Genes. 2019;10(788):33. DOI: 10.3390/genes10100788.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stastna M., Janeckova L., Hrckulak D., Kriz V., Korinek V. Human colorectal cancer from the perspective of mouse models. Genes. 2019;10(788):33. DOI: 10.3390/genes10100788.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Геворкян Ю.А., Колесников В.Е., Солдаткина Н.В., Харагезов Д.А., Дашков А.В., Каймакчи Д.О. и др. Малоинвазивные хирургические вмешательства в лечении больных метастатическим колоректальным раком. Южно-Российский онкологический журнал. 2020;1(2):22–27. DOI: 10.37748/2687-0533-2020-1-2-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Геворкян Ю.А., Колесников В.Е., Солдаткина Н.В., Харагезов Д.А., Дашков А.В., Каймакчи Д.О. и др. Малоинвазивные хирургические вмешательства в лечении больных метастатическим колоректальным раком. Южно-Российский онкологический журнал. 2020;1(2):22–27. DOI: 10.37748/2687-0533-2020-1-2-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кит О.И., Геворкян Ю.А., Солдаткина Н.В., Колесни ков В.Е., Харагезов Д.А. Лапароскопические комбинированные оперативные вмешательства при метастатическом колоректальном раке. Колопроктология. 2015;4(54):19–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кит О.И., Геворкян Ю.А., Солдаткина Н.В., Колесни ков В.Е., Харагезов Д.А. Лапароскопические комбинированные оперативные вмешательства при метастатическом колоректальном раке. Колопроктология. 2015;4(54):19–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Имятинов Е.Н. Клинико-молекулярные аспекты колоректального рака: этиопатогенез, профилактика, индивидуализация лечения. Практическая онкология. 2005;6(22):65–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Имятинов Е.Н. Клинико-молекулярные аспекты колоректального рака: этиопатогенез, профилактика, индивидуализация лечения. Практическая онкология. 2005;6(22):65–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baran B., Ozupek N.M., Tetikа N.Y.., Acarb E., Bekcioglua O., Baskina Y. Difference between left-sided and right-sided colorectal cancer: a focused review of literature. Gastroenterology Res. 2018;11(4):264–273. DOI: 10.14740/gr1062w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baran B., Ozupek N.M., Tetikа N.Y.., Acarb E., Bekcioglua O., Baskina Y. Difference between left-sided and right-sided colorectal cancer: a focused review of literature. Gastroenterology Res. 2018;11(4):264–273. DOI: 10.14740/gr1062w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luisetto M., Ahmadabadi B.N., Nili-Ahmadabadi H., Rafa A.Y., Hamid G.A., Mashori G.R. et al. Comparison of risk factors and molecular analysis of right-sided colon and left sided colon cancer. Adv. Can. Res. &amp; Clinical Imag. 2019;2(2):27. DOI: 10.33552/ACRCI.2019.02.000533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luisetto M., Ahmadabadi B.N., Nili-Ahmadabadi H., Rafa A.Y., Hamid G.A., Mashori G.R. et al. Comparison of risk factors and molecular analysis of right-sided colon and left sided colon cancer. Adv. Can. Res. &amp; Clinical Imag. 2019;2(2):27. DOI: 10.33552/ACRCI.2019.02.000533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwak H.D., Ju J.K. Immunological differences between right-sided and leftsided colorectal cancers: a comparison of embryologic midgut and hindgut. Ann. Coloproctol. 2019;35(6):342–346. DOI: 10.3393/ac.2019.03.17.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwak H.D., Ju J.K. Immunological differences between right-sided and leftsided colorectal cancers: a comparison of embryologic midgut and hindgut. Ann. Coloproctol. 2019;35(6):342–346. DOI: 10.3393/ac.2019.03.17.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilding J.L., Bodmer W.F. Cancer cell lines for drug discovery and development. Cancer Res. 2014;74(9):2377–2384. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2971.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilding J.L., Bodmer W.F. Cancer cell lines for drug discovery and development. Cancer Res. 2014;74(9):2377–2384. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srivastava P., Kumar M., Nayak P.K. Role of patient derived cell lines and xenograft in cancer research. The Pharmstudent. 2016;27:40–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srivastava P., Kumar M., Nayak P.K. Role of patient derived cell lines and xenograft in cancer research. The Pharmstudent. 2016;27:40–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho S.-Y. Patient-derived xenografts as compatible models for precision oncology. Laboratory Animal Research. 2020;36:14. DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00045-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho S.-Y. Patient-derived xenografts as compatible models for precision oncology. Laboratory Animal Research. 2020;36:14. DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00045-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams S.A., Anderson W.C., Santaguida M.T., Dylla S.J. Patient-derived xenografts, the cancer stem cell paradigm, and cancer pathobiology in the 21st century. Laboratory Investigation. 2013;93(9):970–982. DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams S.A., Anderson W.C., Santaguida M.T., Dylla S.J. Patient-derived xenografts, the cancer stem cell paradigm, and cancer pathobiology in the 21st century. Laboratory Investigation. 2013;93(9):970–982. DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hidalgo M., Amant F., Biankin A.V., Budinská E., Byrne A.T., Caldas C. et al. Patient-derived xenograft models: an emerging platform for translational cancer research. Cancer Discov. 2014;4(9):998–1013. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hidalgo M., Amant F., Biankin A.V., Budinská E., Byrne A.T., Caldas C. et al. Patient-derived xenograft models: an emerging platform for translational cancer research. Cancer Discov. 2014;4(9):998–1013. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeRose Yo.S., Wang G., Lin Y.-C., Bernard P.S., Buys S.S., Ebbert M.T.W. et al. Tumor grafts derived from women with breast cancer authentically reflect tumor pathology, growth, metastasis and disease outcomes. Nature Medicine. 2011;17(11):1514–1520. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2454.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeRose Yo.S., Wang G., Lin Y.-C., Bernard P.S., Buys S.S., Ebbert M.T.W. et al. Tumor grafts derived from women with breast cancer authentically reflect tumor pathology, growth, metastasis and disease outcomes. Nature Medicine. 2011;17(11):1514–1520. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2454.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inoue A., Deem A.K., Kopetz S., Heffernan T.P., Draetta G.F., Carugo A. Current and Future Horizons of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Colorectal Cancer Translational Research. Cancers. 2019;11(9):1321. DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inoue A., Deem A.K., Kopetz S., Heffernan T.P., Draetta G.F., Carugo A. Current and Future Horizons of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Colorectal Cancer Translational Research. Cancers. 2019;11(9):1321. DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linnebacher M., Maletzki C., Ostwald C., Klier U., Krohn M., Klar E., Prall F. Cryopreservation of human colorectal carcinomas prior to xenografting. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:362. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linnebacher M., Maletzki C., Ostwald C., Klier U., Krohn M., Klar E., Prall F. Cryopreservation of human colorectal carcinomas prior to xenografting. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:362. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marangoni E., Vincent-Salomon A., Auger N., Degeorges A., Assayag F., de Cremoux P. et al. A new model of patient tumor-derived breast cancer xenografts for preclinical assays. Clinical Cancer Research. 2007;13(13):3989–3998. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marangoni E., Vincent-Salomon A., Auger N., Degeorges A., Assayag F., de Cremoux P. et al. A new model of patient tumor-derived breast cancer xenografts for preclinical assays. Clinical Cancer Research. 2007;13(13):3989–3998. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivanand S., Peña-Llopis S., Zhao H., Kucejova B., Spence P., Pavia-Jimenez A. et al. A validated tumorgraft model reveals activity of dovitinib against renal cell carcinoma. Science Translational Medicine. 2012;4(137):137ra75. DOI: 10.1126/ scitranslmed.3003643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivanand S., Peña-Llopis S., Zhao H., Kucejova B., Spence P., Pavia-Jimenez A. et al. A validated tumorgraft model reveals activity of dovitinib against renal cell carcinoma. Science Translational Medicine. 2012;4(137):137ra75. DOI: 10.1126/ scitranslmed.3003643.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Y., Tian T., Li Z., Tang Z., Wang L., Wu J. at al. Establishment and characterization of patient-derived tumor xenograft using gastroscopic biopsies in gastric cancer. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:8542. DOI: 10.1038/srep08542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Y., Tian T., Li Z., Tang Z., Wang L., Wu J. at al. Establishment and characterization of patient-derived tumor xenograft using gastroscopic biopsies in gastric cancer. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:8542. DOI: 10.1038/srep08542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y., Zhang F., Pan X., Wang G., Zhu L., Zhang J. et al. Xenograft tumors derived from malignant pleural efusion of the patients with non-small-cell lung cancer as models to explore drug resistance. Cancer Commun. 2018;38(1):19. DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0284-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y., Zhang F., Pan X., Wang G., Zhu L., Zhang J. et al. Xenograft tumors derived from malignant pleural efusion of the patients with non-small-cell lung cancer as models to explore drug resistance. Cancer Commun. 2018;38(1):19. DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0284-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jung J., Sook H., Chang S.S. The generation and application of patient-derived xenograft model for cancer research. Cancer Res. Treat. 2018;50(1):1–10. DOI: 10.4143/crt.2017.307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jung J., Sook H., Chang S.S. The generation and application of patient-derived xenograft model for cancer research. Cancer Res. Treat. 2018;50(1):1–10. DOI: 10.4143/crt.2017.307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
