<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ssmu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень сибирской медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Siberian Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-0363</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1819-3684</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-67-72</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ssmu-4908</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности функционирования врожденного иммунитета у детей с хронической крапивницей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of the functioning of innate immunity in children with chronic idiopathic urticaria</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-9053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мальцев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maltsev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мальцев Станислав Викторович – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, кафедра детских болезней № 2, РостГМУ.</p><p>344022, Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>29, Nakhichevansky Lane, Rostov-on-Don, 344022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">steve30@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5716-4397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сизякина</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sizyakina</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сизякина Людмила Петровна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической иммунологии и аллергологии, РостГМУ.</p><p>344022, Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>29, Nakhichevansky Lane, Rostov-on-Don, 344022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">msiziakina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-1500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебеденко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебеденко Александр Анатольевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой детских болезней № 2, РостГМУ.</p><p>344022, Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>29, Nakhichevansky Lane, Rostov-on-Don, 344022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">leb.rost@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ростовский государственный медицинский университет (РостГМУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov State Medical University (RostSMU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мальцев С.В., Сизякина Л.П., Лебеденко А.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мальцев С.В., Сизякина Л.П., Лебеденко А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maltsev S.V., Sizyakina L.P., Lebedenko A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/4908">https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/4908</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить особенности функционирования врожденного иммунитета у детей с хронической крапивницей (ХК).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 28 детей обоих полов в возрасте от 6 до 16 лет с хронической идиопатической (спонтанной) крапивницей. Медиана возраста – 8 лет (р = 0,045). Клинические методы исследования: анализ жалоб, анамнестических данных, объективный осмотр ребенка (динамика уртикариев, выраженности кожного зуда, наличие ангиоотеков). Иммунологические методы исследования: определение количества моноцитов, экспрессирующих CD14+CD282+, CD14+CD284+, CD14+CD289+, количества лимфоцитов периферической крови, экспрессирующих CD3+CD16+, содержания иммуноглобулина E, уровня лактоферрина, интерферона (IFN) γ, интерлейкина (IL) 4 и 6, проведение теста с нитросиним тетразолием.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В ходе исследования у детей с ХК выявлено повышение экспрессии моноцитами Toll-рецепторов TLR2 и TLR4, подавление экспрессии моноцитами TLR9, значительное увеличение уровня лактоферрина, незначительное сокращение количества NK-клеток, снижение микробицидной активности и адаптационных резервов, повышение уровня IgЕ, IFNγ и IL-6, уменьшение уровня IL-4.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявленные в ходе исследования иммунологические изменения свидетельствуют о разнонаправленной экспрессии Toll-рецепторов, нарушениях в работе клеточного звена врожденного иммунитета, запуске цитокинового каскада воспаления у детей с хронической идиопатической крапивницей, что может послужить основой для разработки новых схем персонифицированной терапии ХК у детей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study the features of the functioning of innate immunity in children with chronic idiopathic urticaria.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 28 children of both sexes aged 6–16 years with chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). The median age of the patients was 8 years (p = 0.045). Clinical research methods included an analysis of complaints and anamnestic data, as well as an objective examination of the child (dynamics of urticaria, severity of itching, the presence of angioedema). Immunological techniques included determination of the number of monocytes expressing CD14+CD282+, CD14+CD284+, CD14+CD289+, the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing CD3+CD16+, the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) E, lactoferrin, interferon (IFN) γ, interleukin (IL)4, and IL-6, and a nitroblue tetrazolium test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the course of the study, an increase in the expression of Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 by monocytes, a decrease in the expression of TLR9 by monocytes, a significant rise in lactoferrin levels, a slight decrease in the number of natural killer (NK) cells, a decrease in microbicidal activity and adaptive reserves, a rise in IgE levels, a decrease in IL-4 levels, and an increase in IFNγ and IL-6 were revealed in children with CIU.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The immunological changes revealed during the study indicate multidirectional expression of Toll-like receptors, disturbances in the work of the cellular components of innate immunity, and a launch of a proinflammatory cytokine cascade in children with CIU, which can serve as a mainstay for the development of new schemes for personalized therapy of CIU in children.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая крапивница</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic idiopathic urticaria</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pite H., Wedi B., Borrego L.M. et al. Management of childhood urticaria: current knowledge and practical recommendations. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2013;93(5):500–508. DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pite H., Wedi B., Borrego L.M. et al. Management of childhood urticaria: current knowledge and practical recommendations. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2013;93(5):500–508. DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulrich W. Anti-IgE for chronic urticaria – are children little adults after all? Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(6):488– 489. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulrich W. Anti-IgE for chronic urticaria – are children little adults after all? Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(6):488– 489. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fricke J., Avila G., Keller T. et al. Prevalence of chronic urticaria in children and adults across the globe: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Allergy. 2020;75(2):423–432. DOI: 10.1111/all.14037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fricke J., Avila G., Keller T. et al. Prevalence of chronic urticaria in children and adults across the globe: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Allergy. 2020;75(2):423–432. DOI: 10.1111/all.14037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goncalo M., Gimenez-Arnau A., Al-Ahmad M. et al. The global burden of chronic urticaria for the patient and society. Br. J. Dermatol. 2021;184(2):226–236. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goncalo M., Gimenez-Arnau A., Al-Ahmad M. et al. The global burden of chronic urticaria for the patient and society. Br. J. Dermatol. 2021;184(2):226–236. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Borges M., Asero R., Ansotegui I.J. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of urticaria and angioedema: a worldwide perspective. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5(11):125–147. DOI: 10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182758d6c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Borges M., Asero R., Ansotegui I.J. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of urticaria and angioedema: a worldwide perspective. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5(11):125–147. DOI: 10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182758d6c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yilmaz E.A., Karaatmaca B., Cetinkaya P.G. et al. The persistence of chronic spontaneous urticaria in childhood is associated with the urticaria activity score. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017;38(2):136–142. DOI: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yilmaz E.A., Karaatmaca B., Cetinkaya P.G. et al. The persistence of chronic spontaneous urticaria in childhood is associated with the urticaria activity score. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017;38(2):136–142. DOI: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenberger P.A. Chronic urticaria: new management options. World Allergy Organ J. 2014;7(1):31. DOI: 10.1186/19394551-7-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenberger P.A. Chronic urticaria: new management options. World Allergy Organ J. 2014;7(1):31. DOI: 10.1186/19394551-7-31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuberbier T., Aberer W., Asero R. et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/ EDF/WAO Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria. The 2017 Revision and Update. Allergy. 2018. DOI: 10.1111/all.13397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuberbier T., Aberer W., Asero R. et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/ EDF/WAO Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria. The 2017 Revision and Update. Allergy. 2018. DOI: 10.1111/all.13397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральные клинические рекомендации по оказанию медицинской помощи детям с крапивницей. М.: Союз педиатров России, 2016:51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Федеральные клинические рекомендации по оказанию медицинской помощи детям с крапивницей. М.: Союз педиатров России, 2016:51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poddighe D., De Amici M., Marseglia G.L. Spontaneous (autoimmune) chronic urticaria in children: current evidences, diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic management. Recent. Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov. 2016;10(1):34–39. DOI: 10.2174/1872213X10666160219163502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poddighe D., De Amici M., Marseglia G.L. Spontaneous (autoimmune) chronic urticaria in children: current evidences, diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic management. Recent. Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov. 2016;10(1):34–39. DOI: 10.2174/1872213X10666160219163502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Вишнёва Е.А., Калугина В.Г., Алексеева А.А., Левина Ю.Г., Добрынина Е.А. и др. Современные возможности терапии хронической крапивницы у детей. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2018;15(3):233– 237. DOI: 10.15690/pf.v15i3.1903.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Вишнёва Е.А., Калугина В.Г., Алексеева А.А., Левина Ю.Г., Добрынина Е.А. и др. Современные возможности терапии хронической крапивницы у детей. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2018;15(3):233– 237. DOI: 10.15690/pf.v15i3.1903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцев С.В., Сизякина Л.П., Лебеденко А.А. и др. Нарушения цитокинового статуса у детей с крапивницей. Медицинский вестник Юга России. 2020;11(4):51–57. DOI: 10.21886/2219-8075-2020-11-4-51-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мальцев С.В., Сизякина Л.П., Лебеденко А.А. и др. Нарушения цитокинового статуса у детей с крапивницей. Медицинский вестник Юга России. 2020;11(4):51–57. DOI: 10.21886/2219-8075-2020-11-4-51-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maurer M., Rosen K., Hsieh H.J. et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368(10):924–935. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maurer M., Rosen K., Hsieh H.J. et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368(10):924–935. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casale T.B., Bernstein J.A., Maurer M. et al. Similar efficacy with Omalizumab in chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria despite different background therapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2015;3(5):743–750. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casale T.B., Bernstein J.A., Maurer M. et al. Similar efficacy with Omalizumab in chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria despite different background therapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2015;3(5):743–750. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasperska-Zajac A., Damasiewicz-Bodzek A., Tyrpień-Golder K. et al. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is decreased and inversely associated with acute phase response in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Innate immunity. Inflamm. Res. 2016;65(5):343–346. DOI: 10.1007/S00011-016-0914-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasperska-Zajac A., Damasiewicz-Bodzek A., Tyrpień-Golder K. et al. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is decreased and inversely associated with acute phase response in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Innate immunity. Inflamm. Res. 2016;65(5):343–346. DOI: 10.1007/S00011-016-0914-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сорокина Е.В., Сивакова Н.Г., Ахматова Н.К. и др. Эффекторы врожденного иммунитета при хронической спонтанной крапивнице. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2020;19(3):337–342. DOI: 10.17116/KLINDERMA202019031337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сорокина Е.В., Сивакова Н.Г., Ахматова Н.К. и др. Эффекторы врожденного иммунитета при хронической спонтанной крапивнице. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2020;19(3):337–342. DOI: 10.17116/KLINDERMA202019031337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Futata E., Azor M., Dos Santos J.C. et al. Impaired IFN-α secretion by plasmacytoid dendritic cells induced by TLR9 activation in chronic idiopathic urticaria. British Journal of Dermatology. 2011;164(6):1271–1279. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652133.2010.10198.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Futata E., Azor M., Dos Santos J.C. et al. Impaired IFN-α secretion by plasmacytoid dendritic cells induced by TLR9 activation in chronic idiopathic urticaria. British Journal of Dermatology. 2011;164(6):1271–1279. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652133.2010.10198.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойко О.В., Ахминеева А.Х., Гудинская Н.И. и др. Биохимические и иммунологические маркеры в диагностике патологических состояний. Фундаментальные исследования. 2013;9(3):327–329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бойко О.В., Ахминеева А.Х., Гудинская Н.И. и др. Биохимические и иммунологические маркеры в диагностике патологических состояний. Фундаментальные исследования. 2013;9(3):327–329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов И.А., Потиевская В.И., Качанов И.В. и др. Роль лактоферрина в биологических средах человека. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2017;3. URL: http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26522</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кузнецов И.А., Потиевская В.И., Качанов И.В. и др. Роль лактоферрина в биологических средах человека. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2017;3. URL: http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26522</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абакушина Е.В., Кузьмина Е.Г., Коваленок Е.И. Основные свойства и функции NK-клеток человека. Иммунология. 2012;4:220–224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Абакушина Е.В., Кузьмина Е.Г., Коваленок Е.И. Основные свойства и функции NK-клеток человека. Иммунология. 2012;4:220–224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилычева Е.В. Крапивница: есть ли проблемы? Аллергология и иммунология. 2012;2:42–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Данилычева Е.В. Крапивница: есть ли проблемы? Аллергология и иммунология. 2012;2:42–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моисеева Е.Г., Пасечник А.В., Михеева М.С., Дроздо ва Г.А. Характеристика фагоцитоза и апоптоз нейтрофилов при аллергическом воспалении. Успехи современного естествознания. 2005;7:38–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Моисеева Е.Г., Пасечник А.В., Михеева М.С., Дроздо ва Г.А. Характеристика фагоцитоза и апоптоз нейтрофилов при аллергическом воспалении. Успехи современного естествознания. 2005;7:38–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kessel A., Helou W., Bamberger E. et al. Elevated serum total IgE-apotential marker for severe chronic urticaria. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2010;153(3):288– 293. DOI: 10.1159/000314370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kessel A., Helou W., Bamberger E. et al. Elevated serum total IgE-apotential marker for severe chronic urticaria. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2010;153(3):288– 293. DOI: 10.1159/000314370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang K.L., Yang Y.H., Yu H.H. et al. Analysis of serum total IgE, specific IgE and eosinophils in children with acute and chronic urticaria. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2013;46(1):53–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang K.L., Yang Y.H., Yu H.H. et al. Analysis of serum total IgE, specific IgE and eosinophils in children with acute and chronic urticaria. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2013;46(1):53–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Симбирцев А.С. Цитокины в иммунопатогенезе аллергии. РМЖ. 2021;1:32–37. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-132-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Симбирцев А.С. Цитокины в иммунопатогенезе аллергии. РМЖ. 2021;1:32–37. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-132-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasperska-Zajac A. Acute-phase response in chronic urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2011;10:370–376. DOI: 10.1111/j.14683083.2011.04366.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasperska-Zajac A. Acute-phase response in chronic urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2011;10:370–376. DOI: 10.1111/j.14683083.2011.04366.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause K. Complete remission in 3 of 3 anti-IL-6-treated patients with Schnitzler syndrome. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2012;129(3):848–850. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause K. Complete remission in 3 of 3 anti-IL-6-treated patients with Schnitzler syndrome. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2012;129(3):848–850. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makol A., Gibson L.E., Michet C.J. Successful use of interleukin 6 antagonist tocilizumab in a patient with refractory cutaneous lupus and urticarial vasculitis. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 2012;18(2):92–95. DOI: 10.1097/RHU.0b013e31823ecd73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makol A., Gibson L.E., Michet C.J. Successful use of interleukin 6 antagonist tocilizumab in a patient with refractory cutaneous lupus and urticarial vasculitis. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 2012;18(2):92–95. DOI: 10.1097/RHU.0b013e31823ecd73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deza G. Emergi–ng biomarkers and therapeutic pipelines for chronic spontaneous urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2018;6(4):1108–1117. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.02.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deza G. Emergi–ng biomarkers and therapeutic pipelines for chronic spontaneous urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2018;6(4):1108–1117. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.02.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dos Santos J.C., de Brito C.A., Futata E.A. Up-regulation of chemokine C–C ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C chemokine 8 (CXCL8) expression by monocytes in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Clinical &amp; Experimental Immunology. 2012;167(1):129– 137. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04485.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dos Santos J.C., de Brito C.A., Futata E.A. Up-regulation of chemokine C–C ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C chemokine 8 (CXCL8) expression by monocytes in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Clinical &amp; Experimental Immunology. 2012;167(1):129– 137. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04485.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
