ssmuБюллетень сибирской медициныBulletin of Siberian Medicine1682-03631819-3684Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation10.20538/1682-0363-2025-1-141-153ssmu-5973Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEW AND LECTURESАтеросклероз и воспаление – путь от патогенеза к терапии: обзор современного состояния проблемы (часть 1)Atherosclerosis and inflammation – from pathogenesis to treatment: current state of affairs (Part I)АвагимянА. А.AvagimyanA. A.

Авагимян Ашот Арманович – канд. мед. наук, преподаватель, кафедра пропедевтики внутренних болезней 

0025, г. Ереван, ул. Корюна, 2а

2a, Koryuna Str., Yerevan, 0025

avagimyan.cardiology@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7896-2080КактурскийЛ. В.KakturskyL. V.

Кактурский Лев Владимирович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, науч. руководитель 

117418, г. Москва, ул. Цюрупы, 3

3, Tsuryupy Str., Moscow, 117418

levkaktur@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-8879УразоваО. И.UrazovaO. I.

Уразова Ольга Ивановна – д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, зав. кафедрой патофизиологии 

634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, 2

2, Moscow Trakt, Tomsk, 634050

urazova.oi@ssmu.ruТрофименкоА. И.TrofimenkoA. I.

Трофименко Артем Иванович – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры патофизиологии 

350063, г. Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, 4

4, Mitrofana Sedina Str., Krasnodar, 350063

artemtrofimenko@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7696-0639СукиасянЛ. М.SukiasyanL. M.

Сукиасян Лилит Магаковна – канд. мед. наук, науч. сотрудник, Центральная научная исследовательская лаборатория 

0025, г. Ереван, ул. Корюна, 2а

2a, Koryuna Str., Yerevan, 0025

lilit.sukiasyan@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-3753КоганЕ. А.KoganE. A.

Коган Евгения Алтаровна – д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой патологической анатомии им. акад. А.И. Струкова, зав. референс-центром патоморфологических и иммуногистохимических методов исследований 

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2

8, Build. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119048

kogan_e_a@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-6146ДемураТ. А.DemuraT. A.

Демура Татьяна Александровна – д-р мед. наук, профессор, директор Института клинической морфологии и цифровой патологии, проректор по научной деятельности 

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2

8, Build. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119048

demura_t_a@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-804XПогосоваН. В.PogosovaN. V.

Погосова Нана Вачиковна – д-р мед. наук, профессор, зам. генерального директора по науке и профилактической кардиологии; зав. кафедрой доказательной медицины 

121552, г. Москва, ул. Академика Чазова, 15а, стр. 6;117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6

15a, Build. 6, Akademika Chazova Str., Moscow, 121552;6, Miklukho – Maklaya Str., Moscow, 117198

nanapogosova@gmail.comЕреванский государственный медицинский университет им. Мхитара Гераци (ЕГМУ им. М. Гераци)АрменияMkhitar Heratsi Yerevan State Medical UniversityArmeniaНаучно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека им. акад. А.П. Авцына Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Российский научный центр хирургии им. академика Б.В. Петровского» (НИИМЧ им. акад. А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»)РоссияAvtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of the Federal state budgetary scientific institution “Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery”Russian FederationСибирский государственный медицинский университет (СибГМУ)РоссияSiberian State Medical UniversityRussian FederationКубанский государственный медицинский университет (КубГМУ)РоссияKuban State Medical University (KubSMU)Russian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова) (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии им. акад. Е.И. Чазова (НМИЦК им. акад. Е.И. Чазова); Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы (РУДН им. Патриса Лумубы)РоссияE.I.Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology; People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)Russian Federation202516042025241141153Copyright © Авагимян А.А., Кактурский Л.В., Уразова О.И., Трофименко А.И., Сукиасян Л.М., Коган Е.А., Демура Т.А., Погосова Н.В., 20252025Авагимян А.А., Кактурский Л.В., Уразова О.И., Трофименко А.И., Сукиасян Л.М., Коган Е.А., Демура Т.А., Погосова Н.В.Avagimyan A.A., Kaktursky L.V., Urazova O.I., Trofimenko A.I., Sukiasyan L.M., Kogan E.A., Demura T.A., Pogosova N.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/5973

Атеросклероз и ассоциированные с ним болезни системы кровообращения являются актуальной проблемой общественного здравоохранения, а также активно развивающимся направлением исследований как в фундаментальной, так и клинической медицине. Несмотря на многолетнюю историю изучения заболевания, до сих пор многие аспекты этиологии и патогенеза атеросклероза остаются неясными. Традиционно патогенез атеросклероза рассматривают с позиции очагового накопления отдельных фракций липопротеинов в сосудистой стенке артерий. Однако в атерогенезе активное участие принимают факторы как врожденного, так и адаптивного иммунитета. Клетки и медиаторы иммунной системы вступают в сложное взаимодействие с клеточным и внеклеточным компонентами всех слоев сосудистой стенки. Вследствие этого большинство исследователей пришли к консенсусу о ключевой роли воспаления в инициации, прогрессировании, а также дестабилизации атеросклеротической бляшки. Таким образом, атерогенез можно рассматривать не только как дисметаболический, но и как иммуновоспалительный процесс. Целью настоящей лекции является обобщение новейших данных о роли воспаления на разных этапах атеросклеротического континуума.

Atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases are a significant public health concern and a rapidly evolving area of research in both fundamental and clinical medicine. Despite the extensive history of studying, many aspects of atherosclerosis etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Traditionally, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been viewed in terms of the localized accumulation of specific lipoprotein fractions in the arterial wall. However, both innate and adaptive immunity play active roles in atherogenesis. Cells and mediators of the immune system engage in intricate interactions with cellular and extracellular components in all layers of the vascular wall. For this reason, scientific community have reached a consensus on the crucial role of inflammation in the onset, progression, and destabilization of an atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, atherogenesis can be considered not only as a metabolic disorder, but also as an immunoinflammatory process. The aim of this lecture was to summarize contemporary data regarding the role of inflammation at various stages of the atherosclerotic continuum. 

атеросклерозатерогенезлипопротеинывоспалениеатеросклеротическая бляшкаатеромаatherosclerosisatherogenesislipoproteinsinflammationatherosclerotic plaqueatheromaReferencesПогосова Н.В., Бойцов С.А. Профилактическая кардиология 2024: состояние проблемы и перспективы развития. Кардиология. 2024;64(1):4–13. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2024.1.n2636.Погосова Н.В., Бойцов С.А. Профилактическая кардиология 2024: состояние проблемы и перспективы развития. Кардиология. 2024;64(1):4–13. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2024.1.n2636.World Health Organization. Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly. Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.World Health Organization. Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly. Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.Bagheri Kholenjani F., Shahidi S., Vaseghi G., Ashoorion V., Sarrafzadegan N., Siavash M. et al. First Iranian guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;29:18. DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_318_23.Bagheri Kholenjani F., Shahidi S., Vaseghi G., Ashoorion V., Sarrafzadegan N., Siavash M. et al. First Iranian guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;29:18. DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_318_23.Elsadek R., Bassi R., Ismail Z., Oyetoran A., Perbtani Y., Brar T. et al. The association between adverse cardiovascular outcomes in celiac disease and the role of inflammation: Retrospective analysis using the national inpatient sample. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(8):102612. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102612.Elsadek R., Bassi R., Ismail Z., Oyetoran A., Perbtani Y., Brar T. et al. The association between adverse cardiovascular outcomes in celiac disease and the role of inflammation: Retrospective analysis using the national inpatient sample. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(8):102612. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102612.Бойцов С.А., Погосова Н.В., Аншелес А.А., Бадтиева В.А., Балахонова Т.В., Барбараш О.Л. и др. Кардиоваскулярная профилактика 2022. Российские национальные рекомендации. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2023;28(5):5452. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5452.Бойцов С.А., Погосова Н.В., Аншелес А.А., Бадтиева В.А., Балахонова Т.В., Барбараш О.Л. и др. Кардиоваскулярная профилактика 2022. Российские национальные рекомендации. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2023;28(5):5452. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5452.Pogosova N., Bosch J., Bhatt D.L., Fox K.A.A., Connolly S.J., Alings M. et al. Rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus aspirin reduces venous thromboembolism in patients with chronic atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2022;145(25):1875–1877. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059405.Pogosova N., Bosch J., Bhatt D.L., Fox K.A.A., Connolly S.J., Alings M. et al. Rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus aspirin reduces venous thromboembolism in patients with chronic atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2022;145(25):1875–1877. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059405.Fan J., Watanabe T. Atherosclerosis: known and unknown. Pathol. Int. 2022;72(3):151–160. DOI: 10.1111/pin.13202.Fan J., Watanabe T. Atherosclerosis: known and unknown. Pathol. Int. 2022;72(3):151–160. DOI: 10.1111/pin.13202.Cameron J.N., Mehta O.H., Michail M., Chan J., Nicholls S.J., Bennett M. et al. Exploring the relationship between biomechanical stresses and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2020;302:43–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.011.Cameron J.N., Mehta O.H., Michail M., Chan J., Nicholls S.J., Bennett M. et al. Exploring the relationship between biomechanical stresses and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2020;302:43–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.011.Demos C., Tamargo I., Jo H. Biomechanical regulation of endothelial function in atherosclerosis. In: Biomechanics of Coronary Atherosclerotic. Plaque. 2021:3–47. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817195-0.00001-9.Demos C., Tamargo I., Jo H. Biomechanical regulation of endothelial function in atherosclerosis. In: Biomechanics of Coronary Atherosclerotic. Plaque. 2021:3–47. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817195-0.00001-9.Погосова Н.В., Оганов Р.Г., Бойцов С.А., Аушева А.К., Соколова О.Ю., Курсаков А.А. и др. Анализ ключевых показателей вторичной профилактики у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца в России и Европе по результатам российской части международного многоцентрового исследования EUROASPIRE V. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020;19(6):2739. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2739.Погосова Н.В., Оганов Р.Г., Бойцов С.А., Аушева А.К., Соколова О.Ю., Курсаков А.А. и др. Анализ ключевых показателей вторичной профилактики у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца в России и Европе по результатам российской части международного многоцентрового исследования EUROASPIRE V. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020;19(6):2739. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2739.Погосова Н.В., Оганов Р.Г., Бойцов С.А., Аушева А.К., Соколова О.Ю., Курсаков А.А. и др. Эффективность первичной профилактики заболеваний, обусловленных атеросклерозом, у пациентов с высоким сердечно-сосудистым риском в России и других странах Европы (часть 1). Кардиология. 2017;57(1S):333–344. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2411.Погосова Н.В., Оганов Р.Г., Бойцов С.А., Аушева А.К., Соколова О.Ю., Курсаков А.А. и др. Эффективность первичной профилактики заболеваний, обусловленных атеросклерозом, у пациентов с высоким сердечно-сосудистым риском в России и других странах Европы (часть 1). Кардиология. 2017;57(1S):333–344. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2411.Avagimyan A., Kakturskiy L., Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K., Pogosova N., Sarrafzadegan N. Anthracycline associated disturbances of cardiovascular homeostasis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(5):100909. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100909.Avagimyan A., Kakturskiy L., Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K., Pogosova N., Sarrafzadegan N. Anthracycline associated disturbances of cardiovascular homeostasis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(5):100909. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100909.Avagimyan A., Pogosova N., Kakturskiy L., Sheibani M., Urazova O., Trofimenko A. et al. HIV-Related Atherosclerosis: State-of-the-Art-Review. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2023;48(9):101783. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101783.Avagimyan A., Pogosova N., Kakturskiy L., Sheibani M., Urazova O., Trofimenko A. et al. HIV-Related Atherosclerosis: State-of-the-Art-Review. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2023;48(9):101783. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101783.Авагимян А.А., Мкртчян Л.Г., Навасардян Г.А., Геворкян А.А., Ананян Э.А., Пашинян Н.Э. и др. Роль Helicobacter pylori в механизмах кардио- и вазотоксичности. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2019;(12):169–174. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2019-12-169-174.Авагимян А.А., Мкртчян Л.Г., Навасардян Г.А., Геворкян А.А., Ананян Э.А., Пашинян Н.Э. и др. Роль Helicobacter pylori в механизмах кардио- и вазотоксичности. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2019;(12):169–174. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2019-12-169-174.Avagimyan A., Manukyan I., Navasardyan G., Chelidze K., Risovaniy S. The atherogenic impact of oral cavity dysbiosis (review). Georgian Med. News. 2020;(304-305):69–74.Avagimyan A., Manukyan I., Navasardyan G., Chelidze K., Risovaniy S. The atherogenic impact of oral cavity dysbiosis (review). Georgian Med. News. 2020;(304-305):69–74.Гордеев А.В., Олюнин Ю.А., Галушко Е.А., Зоткин Е.Г., Лила А.М. Ревматоидный артрит и сердечно-сосудистые заболевания: близкие родственники или друзья? Современная ревматология. 2023;17(2):16–22. DOI: 10.14412/1996-7012-2023-2-16-22.Гордеев А.В., Олюнин Ю.А., Галушко Е.А., Зоткин Е.Г., Лила А.М. Ревматоидный артрит и сердечно-сосудистые заболевания: близкие родственники или друзья? Современная ревматология. 2023;17(2):16–22. DOI: 10.14412/1996-7012-2023-2-16-22.Ridker P.M., Bhatt D.L., Pradhan A.D., Glynn R.J., MacFadyen J.G., Nissen S.E. Inflammation and cholesterol as predictors of cardiovascular events among patients receiving statin therapy: a collaborative analysis of three randomised trials. Lancet. 2023;401(10384):1293–1301. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00215-5.Ridker P.M., Bhatt D.L., Pradhan A.D., Glynn R.J., MacFadyen J.G., Nissen S.E. Inflammation and cholesterol as predictors of cardiovascular events among patients receiving statin therapy: a collaborative analysis of three randomised trials. Lancet. 2023;401(10384):1293–1301. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00215-5.Nidorf S.M., Ben-Chetrit E., Ridker P.M. Low-dose colchicine for atherosclerosis: long-term safety. Eur. Heart J. 2024;45(18):1596–1601. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae208.Nidorf S.M., Ben-Chetrit E., Ridker P.M. Low-dose colchicine for atherosclerosis: long-term safety. Eur. Heart J. 2024;45(18):1596–1601. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae208.Surma S., Sahebkar A., Banach M. Correction to: whether and why do we need a vaccine against atherosclerosis? Can we expect it anytime soon? Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2024;26(3):73. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01189-4.Surma S., Sahebkar A., Banach M. Correction to: whether and why do we need a vaccine against atherosclerosis? Can we expect it anytime soon? Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2024;26(3):73. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01189-4.Poznyak A., Bezsonov E., Popkova T., Starodubova A.V., Orekhov A.N. Vaccination against atherosclerosis: is it real? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(5):2417. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052417.Poznyak A., Bezsonov E., Popkova T., Starodubova A.V., Orekhov A.N. Vaccination against atherosclerosis: is it real? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(5):2417. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052417.Naseem S., Sun L., Qiu J. Stress granules in atherosclerosis: Insights and therapeutic opportunities. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(10):102760. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102760.Naseem S., Sun L., Qiu J. Stress granules in atherosclerosis: Insights and therapeutic opportunities. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(10):102760. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102760.Zeng G.G., Zhou J., Jiang W. L., Yu J., Nie G.Y., Li J. et al. A potential role of nfil3 in atherosclerosis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(1 Pt B):102096. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102096.Zeng G.G., Zhou J., Jiang W. L., Yu J., Nie G.Y., Li J. et al. A potential role of nfil3 in atherosclerosis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(1 Pt B):102096. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102096.Pyrpyris N., Dimitriadis K., Beneki E., Iliakis P., Soulaidopoulos S., Tsioufis P. et al. LOX-1 receptor: a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in atherogenesis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(1 Pt C):102117. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102117.Pyrpyris N., Dimitriadis K., Beneki E., Iliakis P., Soulaidopoulos S., Tsioufis P. et al. LOX-1 receptor: a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in atherogenesis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(1 Pt C):102117. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102117.Alkhalil M. Mechanistic insights to target atherosclerosis residual risk. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100432. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.06.004.Alkhalil M. Mechanistic insights to target atherosclerosis residual risk. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100432. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.06.004.Chen Y., Wang X., Mai J., Zhao X., Liang Y., Gu M. et al. C-reactive protein promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction partly via activating adipose tissue inflammation in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013;168(3):2397–2403. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.158.Chen Y., Wang X., Mai J., Zhao X., Liang Y., Gu M. et al. C-reactive protein promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction partly via activating adipose tissue inflammation in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013;168(3):2397–2403. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.158.Hemling P., Zibrova D., Strutz J., Sohrabi Y., Desoye G., Schulten H. et al. Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction is alleviated by thioredoxin mimetic peptides through the restoration of VEGFR-2-induced responses and improved cell survival. Int. J. Cardiol. 2020;308:73–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.12.065.Hemling P., Zibrova D., Strutz J., Sohrabi Y., Desoye G., Schulten H. et al. Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction is alleviated by thioredoxin mimetic peptides through the restoration of VEGFR-2-induced responses and improved cell survival. Int. J. Cardiol. 2020;308:73–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.12.065.Joshi M.S., Tong L., Cook A.C., Schanbacher B.L., Huang H., Han B. et al. Increased myocardial prevalence of C-reactive protein in human coronary heart disease: direct effects on microvessel density and endothelial cell survival. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2012;21(5):428–435. DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2011.12.003.Joshi M.S., Tong L., Cook A.C., Schanbacher B.L., Huang H., Han B. et al. Increased myocardial prevalence of C-reactive protein in human coronary heart disease: direct effects on microvessel density and endothelial cell survival. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2012;21(5):428–435. DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2011.12.003.Mungmunpuntipantip R., Wiwanitkit V. Cardiac inflammation associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and previous myocarditis. Minerva Cardiol. Angiol. 2024;72(2):214–215. DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5683.23.06346-9.Mungmunpuntipantip R., Wiwanitkit V. Cardiac inflammation associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and previous myocarditis. Minerva Cardiol. Angiol. 2024;72(2):214–215. DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5683.23.06346-9.Haeri S.M.J., Dashti G.R., Mardani M., Rashidi B., Nikgoftar Fathi A., Haeri N. Effect of vitamin e on apoptosis of the endothelial cells of the carotid arteries in hypercholesterolemic male rabbits. Arya Atheroscler. 2023;19(3):10–17. DOI: 10.22122/arya.2022.39175.2824.Haeri S.M.J., Dashti G.R., Mardani M., Rashidi B., Nikgoftar Fathi A., Haeri N. Effect of vitamin e on apoptosis of the endothelial cells of the carotid arteries in hypercholesterolemic male rabbits. Arya Atheroscler. 2023;19(3):10–17. DOI: 10.22122/arya.2022.39175.2824.Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K., Jangjoo S., Amirpour A., Najafian J., Khosravi A., Heidarpour M. et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. ARYA. Atheroscler. 2020;16(6):278–283. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v16i6.2095.Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K., Jangjoo S., Amirpour A., Najafian J., Khosravi A., Heidarpour M. et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. ARYA. Atheroscler. 2020;16(6):278–283. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v16i6.2095.Учасова Е.Г., Груздева О.В., Дылева Ю.А., Акбашева О.Е. Эпикардиальная жировая ткань: патофизиология и роль в развитии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018;17(4):254–263. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-254-263.Учасова Е.Г., Груздева О.В., Дылева Ю.А., Акбашева О.Е. Эпикардиальная жировая ткань: патофизиология и роль в развитии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018;17(4):254–263. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-254-263.Avagimyan A., Popov S., Shalnova S. The pathophysiological basis of diabetic cardiomyopathy development. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(9):101156. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101156.Avagimyan A., Popov S., Shalnova S. The pathophysiological basis of diabetic cardiomyopathy development. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(9):101156. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101156.Avagimyan A., Fogacci F., Pogosova N., Kakrurskiy L., Kogan E., Urazova O. et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: 2023 update by the international multidisciplinary board of experts. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(1 Pt A):102052. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102052.Avagimyan A., Fogacci F., Pogosova N., Kakrurskiy L., Kogan E., Urazova O. et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: 2023 update by the international multidisciplinary board of experts. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(1 Pt A):102052. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102052.Aznauryan A.V., Navasardyan G.A., Avagimyan A.A. Perivascular adipose tissue – orchestrator of cardiovascular disturbances sequel. The New Armenian Medical Journal. 2022;16(4):107–114. DOI: 10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-107.Aznauryan A.V., Navasardyan G.A., Avagimyan A.A. Perivascular adipose tissue – orchestrator of cardiovascular disturbances sequel. The New Armenian Medical Journal. 2022;16(4):107–114. DOI: 10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-107.Tinajero M.G., Gotlieb A.I. Recent developments in vascular adventitial pathobiology: the dynamic adventitia as a complex regulator of vascular disease. Am. J. Pathol. 2020;190(3):520–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.021.Tinajero M.G., Gotlieb A.I. Recent developments in vascular adventitial pathobiology: the dynamic adventitia as a complex regulator of vascular disease. Am. J. Pathol. 2020;190(3):520–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.021.Ardiana M., Pikir B., Santoso A., Suryawan I., Hermawan H., Rachmi D. et al. Effect of black cumin ethanolic extract administration to superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in inhibiting endothelial dysfunction in cigarette exposed rats. ARYA Atherosclerosis. 2022;18(5):1–9. DOI: 10.48305/arya.2022.11756.2387.Ardiana M., Pikir B., Santoso A., Suryawan I., Hermawan H., Rachmi D. et al. Effect of black cumin ethanolic extract administration to superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in inhibiting endothelial dysfunction in cigarette exposed rats. ARYA Atherosclerosis. 2022;18(5):1–9. DOI: 10.48305/arya.2022.11756.2387.Ma Y., Li Y., Yang Y., Li P. The Microenvironment that regulates vascular wall stem/progenitor cells in vascular injury and repair. Biomed. Res. Int. 2022;2022:9377965. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9377965.Ma Y., Li Y., Yang Y., Li P. The Microenvironment that regulates vascular wall stem/progenitor cells in vascular injury and repair. Biomed. Res. Int. 2022;2022:9377965. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9377965.Karpathiou G., Dumollard J. M., Camy F., Sramek V., Dridi M., Picot T. et al. Senescence, immune microenvironment, and vascularization in cardiac myxomas. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2021;52:107335. DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107335.Karpathiou G., Dumollard J. M., Camy F., Sramek V., Dridi M., Picot T. et al. Senescence, immune microenvironment, and vascularization in cardiac myxomas. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2021;52:107335. DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107335.Hall S.A., Lesniewski L.A. Targeting vascular senescence in cardiovascular disease with aging. J. Cardiovasc. Aging. 2024;4(2):16. DOI: 10.20517/jca.2023.45.Hall S.A., Lesniewski L.A. Targeting vascular senescence in cardiovascular disease with aging. J. Cardiovasc. Aging. 2024;4(2):16. DOI: 10.20517/jca.2023.45.Kishimoto Y., Kondo K., Momiyama Y. The protective role of Sestrin2 in atherosclerotic and cardiac diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(3):1200. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031200.Kishimoto Y., Kondo K., Momiyama Y. The protective role of Sestrin2 in atherosclerotic and cardiac diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(3):1200. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031200.Ионов А.Ю., Кузнецова Е.А., Киндалёва О.Г., Крючкова И.В., Поплавская Э.Э., Авагимян А.А. Клиническое значение эндокринных нарушений в развитии синдрома раннего сосудистого старения у мужчин с абдоминальным ожирением и сопутствующей артериальной гипертензией: обсервационное когортное исследование. Кубанский научный медицинский вестник. 2024;31(1):74–87. DOI: 1 0.25207/1608-6228-2024-31-1-74-87.Ионов А.Ю., Кузнецова Е.А., Киндалёва О.Г., Крючкова И.В., Поплавская Э.Э., Авагимян А.А. Клиническое значение эндокринных нарушений в развитии синдрома раннего сосудистого старения у мужчин с абдоминальным ожирением и сопутствующей артериальной гипертензией: обсервационное когортное исследование. Кубанский научный медицинский вестник. 2024;31(1):74–87. DOI: 1 0.25207/1608-6228-2024-31-1-74-87.Borén J., Chapman M.J., Krauss R.M., Packard C.J., Bentzon J.F., Binder C.J. et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur. Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313–2330. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962.Borén J., Chapman M.J., Krauss R.M., Packard C.J., Bentzon J.F., Binder C.J. et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur. Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313–2330. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962.Fatahian A. Nebivolol for improving endothelial dysfunction in cardiac syndrome-x; Is it ready for clinical use? ARYA Atheroscler. 2019;15(6):292–293. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i6.1971.Fatahian A. Nebivolol for improving endothelial dysfunction in cardiac syndrome-x; Is it ready for clinical use? ARYA Atheroscler. 2019;15(6):292–293. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i6.1971.Tanyanskiy D.A., Pigarevskii P.V., Maltseva S.V., Denisenko A.D. Immunohistochemical analysis of adiponectin in atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta. ARYA Atheroscler. 2019;15(4):179–184. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i4.1873.Tanyanskiy D.A., Pigarevskii P.V., Maltseva S.V., Denisenko A.D. Immunohistochemical analysis of adiponectin in atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta. ARYA Atheroscler. 2019;15(4):179–184. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i4.1873.Esfahani M., Saidijam M., Najafi R., Goodarzi M. T., Movahedian A. The effect of salusin-β on expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ARYA Atheroscler. 2018;14(1):1–10. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v14i1.1602.Esfahani M., Saidijam M., Najafi R., Goodarzi M. T., Movahedian A. The effect of salusin-β on expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ARYA Atheroscler. 2018;14(1):1–10. DOI: 10.22122/arya.v14i1.1602.He W., Holtkamp S., Hergenhan S. M., Kraus K., de Juan A., Weber J. et al. Circadian expression of migratory factors establishes lineage-specific signatures that guide the homing of leukocyte subsets to tissues. Immunity. 2018;49(6):1175–1190.e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.007.He W., Holtkamp S., Hergenhan S. M., Kraus K., de Juan A., Weber J. et al. Circadian expression of migratory factors establishes lineage-specific signatures that guide the homing of leukocyte subsets to tissues. Immunity. 2018;49(6):1175–1190.e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.007.Lin J., Kakkar V., Lu X. Impact of MCP-1 in atherosclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014;20(28):4580–4588. DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140522115801.Lin J., Kakkar V., Lu X. Impact of MCP-1 in atherosclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014;20(28):4580–4588. DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140522115801.Attiq A., Afzal S., Ahmad W., Kandeel M. Hegemony of inflammation in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2024;966:176338. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176338.Attiq A., Afzal S., Ahmad W., Kandeel M. Hegemony of inflammation in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2024;966:176338. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176338.Дутова С.В., Саранчина Ю.В., Карпова М.Р., Килина О.Ю., Польша Н.Г., Кулакова Т.С. и др. Цитокины и атеросклероз – новые направления исследований. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018;17(4):199–208. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-199-207.Дутова С.В., Саранчина Ю.В., Карпова М.Р., Килина О.Ю., Польша Н.Г., Кулакова Т.С. и др. Цитокины и атеросклероз – новые направления исследований. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018;17(4):199–208. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-199-207.Лобанова Н.Ю., Чичерина Е.Н. Нетрадиционные факторы риска и их значение в оценке сердечнососудистого риска у бессимптомных пациентов. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2020;19(2):182–188. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2020-2-182-188.Лобанова Н.Ю., Чичерина Е.Н. Нетрадиционные факторы риска и их значение в оценке сердечнососудистого риска у бессимптомных пациентов. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2020;19(2):182–188. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2020-2-182-188.Ryzhkova A.I., Karagodin V.P., Sukhorukov V.N., Sazonova M.A., Orekhov A.N. Desialated low density lipoproteins in human blood. Klin. Med. (Mosk.). 2017;95(3):216–221. DOI: 10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-3-216-221.Ryzhkova A.I., Karagodin V.P., Sukhorukov V.N., Sazonova M.A., Orekhov A.N. Desialated low density lipoproteins in human blood. Klin. Med. (Mosk.). 2017;95(3):216–221. DOI: 10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-3-216-221.Romeo F.J., Del Buono M.G., Aguilar-Gallardo J.S., Lorente-Ros M., Damonte J.I., Chiabrando J.G. et al. Cardiac remodeling with SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Minerva Cardiol. Angiol. 2024;72(1):95–97. DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5683.22.06207-X.Romeo F.J., Del Buono M.G., Aguilar-Gallardo J.S., Lorente-Ros M., Damonte J.I., Chiabrando J.G. et al. Cardiac remodeling with SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Minerva Cardiol. Angiol. 2024;72(1):95–97. DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5683.22.06207-X.Huang Q., Gan Y., Yu Z., Wu H., Zhong Z. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: an insight in atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021;8:734550. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734550.Huang Q., Gan Y., Yu Z., Wu H., Zhong Z. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: an insight in atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021;8:734550. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734550.Gonzalez A.L., Dungan M.M., Smart C.D., Madhur M.S., Doran A.C. Inflammation resolution in the cardiovascular system: arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2024;40(4-6):292–316. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0284.Gonzalez A.L., Dungan M.M., Smart C.D., Madhur M.S., Doran A.C. Inflammation resolution in the cardiovascular system: arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2024;40(4-6):292–316. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0284.Авагимян А.А., Чернова А.А., Азнаурян А.З. Роль вирусной инфекции в механизмах инициирования атерогенеза и дестабилизации атеромы. Кардиология в Беларуси. 2019;11(6):947–953.Авагимян А.А., Чернова А.А., Азнаурян А.З. Роль вирусной инфекции в механизмах инициирования атерогенеза и дестабилизации атеромы. Кардиология в Беларуси. 2019;11(6):947–953.Zhang X., Kang Z., Yin D., Gao J. Role of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis. Innate Immun. 2023;29(6):97–109. DOI: 10.1177/17534259231189195.Zhang X., Kang Z., Yin D., Gao J. Role of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis. Innate Immun. 2023;29(6):97–109. DOI: 10.1177/17534259231189195.Döring Y., Drechsler M., Soehnlein O., Weber C. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis: from mice to man. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2015;35(2):288–295. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303564.Döring Y., Drechsler M., Soehnlein O., Weber C. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis: from mice to man. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2015;35(2):288–295. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303564.Avagimyan A. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Link of chemotherapy-related endothelium impairment. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(10):100932. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100932.Avagimyan A. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Link of chemotherapy-related endothelium impairment. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(10):100932. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100932.Apostolakis S., Spandidos D. Chemokines and atherosclerosis: focus on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2013;34(10):1251–1256. DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.92.Apostolakis S., Spandidos D. Chemokines and atherosclerosis: focus on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2013;34(10):1251–1256. DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.92.Ng C.T., Fong L.Y., Abdullah M.N.H. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Reviewing its mechanisms and signaling pathways on the regulation of endothelial barrier function. Cytokine. 2023;166:156208. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156208.Ng C.T., Fong L.Y., Abdullah M.N.H. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Reviewing its mechanisms and signaling pathways on the regulation of endothelial barrier function. Cytokine. 2023;166:156208. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156208.Tran D.T., Batchu S.N., Advani A. Interferons and interferon-related pathways in heart disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2024;11:1357343. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1357343.Tran D.T., Batchu S.N., Advani A. Interferons and interferon-related pathways in heart disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2024;11:1357343. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1357343.Owens G.K., Kumar M.S., Wamhoff B.R. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol. Rev. 2004;84(3):767–801. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2003.Owens G.K., Kumar M.S., Wamhoff B.R. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol. Rev. 2004;84(3):767–801. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2003.Li F., Peng J., Lu Y., Zhou M., Liang J., Le C. et al. Blockade of CXCR4 promotes macrophage autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to alleviate coronary heart disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 2023;392:131303. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131303.Li F., Peng J., Lu Y., Zhou M., Liang J., Le C. et al. Blockade of CXCR4 promotes macrophage autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to alleviate coronary heart disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 2023;392:131303. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131303.Ragino Y.I., Volkov A.M., Chernyavskyi A.M. Stages of atherosclerotic plaque development and unstable plaque types: pathophysiologic and histologic characteristics. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2013;103(5):88–95. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2013-5-88-95.Ragino Y.I., Volkov A.M., Chernyavskyi A.M. Stages of atherosclerotic plaque development and unstable plaque types: pathophysiologic and histologic characteristics. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2013;103(5):88–95. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2013-5-88-95.Wu J., He S., Song Z., Chen S., Lin X., Sun H. et al. Macrophage polarization states in atherosclerosis. Front. Immunol. 2023;14:1185587. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185587.Wu J., He S., Song Z., Chen S., Lin X., Sun H. et al. Macrophage polarization states in atherosclerosis. Front. Immunol. 2023;14:1185587. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185587.Choi H., Dey A.K., Priyamvara A., Aksentijevich M., Bandyopadhyay D., Dey D. et al. Role of periodontal infection, inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100638. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100638.Choi H., Dey A.K., Priyamvara A., Aksentijevich M., Bandyopadhyay D., Dey D. et al. Role of periodontal infection, inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100638. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100638.Gusev E., Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and inflammation: insights from the theory of general pathological processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(9):7910. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097910.Gusev E., Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and inflammation: insights from the theory of general pathological processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(9):7910. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097910.Fleg J.L., Stone G.W., Fayad Z.A., Granada J.F., Hatsukami T.S., Kolodgie F.D. et al. Detection of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque: report of the NHLBI Working Group on current status and future directions. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2012;5(9):941–955. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.07.007.Fleg J.L., Stone G.W., Fayad Z.A., Granada J.F., Hatsukami T.S., Kolodgie F.D. et al. Detection of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque: report of the NHLBI Working Group on current status and future directions. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2012;5(9):941–955. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.07.007.Blagov A.V., Markin A.M., Bogatyreva A.I., Tolstik T.V., Sukhorukov V.N., Orekhov A.N. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cells. 2023;12(4):522. DOI: 10.3390/cells12040522.Blagov A.V., Markin A.M., Bogatyreva A.I., Tolstik T.V., Sukhorukov V.N., Orekhov A.N. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cells. 2023;12(4):522. DOI: 10.3390/cells12040522.Susser L.I., Rayner K.J. Through the layers: how macrophages drive atherosclerosis across the vessel wall. J. Clin. Invest. 2022;132(9):e157011. DOI: 10.1172/JCI157011.Susser L.I., Rayner K.J. Through the layers: how macrophages drive atherosclerosis across the vessel wall. J. Clin. Invest. 2022;132(9):e157011. DOI: 10.1172/JCI157011.Farahi L., Sinha S.K., Lusis A.J. Roles of macrophages in atherogenesis. Front. Pharmacol. 2021;12:785220. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785220.Farahi L., Sinha S.K., Lusis A.J. Roles of macrophages in atherogenesis. Front. Pharmacol. 2021;12:785220. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785220.Checkouri E., Blanchard V., Meilhac O. Macrophages in atherosclerosis, first or second row players? Biomedicines. 2021;9(9):1214. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091214.Checkouri E., Blanchard V., Meilhac O. Macrophages in atherosclerosis, first or second row players? Biomedicines. 2021;9(9):1214. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091214.Wieland E.B., Kempen L.J., Donners M.M., Biessen E.A., Goossens P. Macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerosis: A matter of context. Eur. J. Immunol. 2024;54(1):e2350464. DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350464.Wieland E.B., Kempen L.J., Donners M.M., Biessen E.A., Goossens P. Macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerosis: A matter of context. Eur. J. Immunol. 2024;54(1):e2350464. DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350464.Weber C., Habenicht A.J.R., von Hundelshausen P. Novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis: inflammation and beyond. Eur. Heart J. 2023;44(29):2672–2681. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad304.Weber C., Habenicht A.J.R., von Hundelshausen P. Novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis: inflammation and beyond. Eur. Heart J. 2023;44(29):2672–2681. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad304.Brasier A.R. The nuclear factor-kappaB-interleukin-6 signalling pathway mediating vascular inflammation. Cardiovasc. Res. 2010;86(2):211–218. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq076.Brasier A.R. The nuclear factor-kappaB-interleukin-6 signalling pathway mediating vascular inflammation. Cardiovasc. Res. 2010;86(2):211–218. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq076.Florance I., Ramasubbu S. Current understanding on the role of lipids in macrophages and associated diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;24(1):589. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010589.Florance I., Ramasubbu S. Current understanding on the role of lipids in macrophages and associated diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;24(1):589. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010589.Moore K.J., Sheedy F.J., Fisher E.A. Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2013;13(10):709–721. DOI: 10.1038/nri3520.Moore K.J., Sheedy F.J., Fisher E.A. Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2013;13(10):709–721. DOI: 10.1038/nri3520.Hou P., Fang J., Liu Z., Shi Y., Agostini M., Bernassola F. et al. Macrophage polarization and metabolism in atherosclerosis. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(10):691. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06206-z.Hou P., Fang J., Liu Z., Shi Y., Agostini M., Bernassola F. et al. Macrophage polarization and metabolism in atherosclerosis. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(10):691. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06206-z.Barrett T.J. Macrophages in atherosclerosis regression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2020;40(1):20–33. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312802.Barrett T.J. Macrophages in atherosclerosis regression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2020;40(1):20–33. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312802.De Meyer G.R.Y., Zurek M., Puylaert P., Martinet W. Programmed death of macrophages in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2024;21(5):312–325. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00957-0.De Meyer G.R.Y., Zurek M., Puylaert P., Martinet W. Programmed death of macrophages in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2024;21(5):312–325. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00957-0.Theofilis P., Oikonomou E., Tsioufis K., Tousoulis D. The role of macrophages in atherosclerosis: pathophysiologic mechanisms and treatment considerations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(11):9568. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119568.Theofilis P., Oikonomou E., Tsioufis K., Tousoulis D. The role of macrophages in atherosclerosis: pathophysiologic mechanisms and treatment considerations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(11):9568. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119568.Fang F., Xiao C., Li C., Liu X., Li S. Tuning macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment. Regen Biomater. 2022;10:rbac103. DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac103.Fang F., Xiao C., Li C., Liu X., Li S. Tuning macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment. Regen Biomater. 2022;10:rbac103. DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac103.Varghese T.P., Chand S., Varghese N.M., Singh R., Yadav S.K. Interplay of inflammatory biomarkers in heart disease patients with depressive symptoms: An update. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(3):102352. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102352.Varghese T.P., Chand S., Varghese N.M., Singh R., Yadav S.K. Interplay of inflammatory biomarkers in heart disease patients with depressive symptoms: An update. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(3):102352. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102352.Alsereidi F.R., Khashim Z., Marzook H., Gupta A., AlRawi A.M., Ramadan M.M. et al. Targeting inflammatory signaling pathways with SGLT2 inhibitors: Insights into cardiovascular health and cardiac cell improvement. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(5):102524. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102524.Alsereidi F.R., Khashim Z., Marzook H., Gupta A., AlRawi A.M., Ramadan M.M. et al. Targeting inflammatory signaling pathways with SGLT2 inhibitors: Insights into cardiovascular health and cardiac cell improvement. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(5):102524. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102524.Avagimyan A., Gvianishvili T., Gogiashvili L., Kakturskiy L., Sarrafzadegan N., Aznauryan A. Chemotherapy, hypothyroidism and oral dysbiosis as a novel risk factor of cardiovascular pathology development. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2023;48(3):101051. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101051.Avagimyan A., Gvianishvili T., Gogiashvili L., Kakturskiy L., Sarrafzadegan N., Aznauryan A. Chemotherapy, hypothyroidism and oral dysbiosis as a novel risk factor of cardiovascular pathology development. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2023;48(3):101051. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101051.Xu X., Song Z., Mao B., Xu G. Apolipoprotein a1-related proteins and reverse cholesterol transport in antiatherosclerosis therapy: recent progress and future perspectives. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2022;2022:4610834. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4610834.Xu X., Song Z., Mao B., Xu G. Apolipoprotein a1-related proteins and reverse cholesterol transport in antiatherosclerosis therapy: recent progress and future perspectives. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2022;2022:4610834. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4610834.Xie Y., Chen H., Qu P., Qiao X., Guo L., Liu L. Novel insight on the role of Macrophages in atherosclerosis: Focus on polarization, apoptosis and efferocytosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2022;113(Pt A):109260. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109260.Xie Y., Chen H., Qu P., Qiao X., Guo L., Liu L. Novel insight on the role of Macrophages in atherosclerosis: Focus on polarization, apoptosis and efferocytosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2022;113(Pt A):109260. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109260.Coniglio S., Shumskaya M., Vassiliou E. Unsaturated fatty acids and their immunomodulatory properties. Biology (Basel). 2023;12(2):279. DOI: 10.3390/biology12020279.Coniglio S., Shumskaya M., Vassiliou E. Unsaturated fatty acids and their immunomodulatory properties. Biology (Basel). 2023;12(2):279. DOI: 10.3390/biology12020279.Videla L.A., Valenzuela R., Del Campo A., Zúñiga-Hernández J. Omega-3 lipid mediators: modulation of the M1/M2 macrophage phenotype and its protective role in chronic liver diseases. Int. J .Mol. Sci. 2023;24(21):15528. DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115528.Videla L.A., Valenzuela R., Del Campo A., Zúñiga-Hernández J. Omega-3 lipid mediators: modulation of the M1/M2 macrophage phenotype and its protective role in chronic liver diseases. Int. J .Mol. Sci. 2023;24(21):15528. DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115528.Truthe S., Klassert T.E., Schmelz S., Jonigk D., Blankenfeldt W., Slevogt H. Role of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in inflammation and pathogen-associated interactions. J. Innate Immun. 2024;16(1):105–132. DOI: 10.1159/000535793.Truthe S., Klassert T.E., Schmelz S., Jonigk D., Blankenfeldt W., Slevogt H. Role of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in inflammation and pathogen-associated interactions. J. Innate Immun. 2024;16(1):105–132. DOI: 10.1159/000535793.Noor R., Shuaib U., Wang C.X., Todd K., Ghani U., Schwindt B. et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol regulates endothelial progenitor cells by increasing eNOS and preventing apoptosis. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(1):92–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.06.023.Noor R., Shuaib U., Wang C.X., Todd K., Ghani U., Schwindt B. et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol regulates endothelial progenitor cells by increasing eNOS and preventing apoptosis. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(1):92–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.06.023.Tso C., Martinic G., Fan W.H., Rogers C., Rye K.A., Barter P.J. High-density lipoproteins enhance progenitor-mediated endothelium repair in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006;26(5):1144–1149. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000216600.37436.cf.Tso C., Martinic G., Fan W.H., Rogers C., Rye K.A., Barter P.J. High-density lipoproteins enhance progenitor-mediated endothelium repair in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006;26(5):1144–1149. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000216600.37436.cf.Wojtasińska A., Frąk W., Lisińska W., Sapeda N., Młynarska E., Rysz J. et al. Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(17):13434. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713434.Wojtasińska A., Frąk W., Lisińska W., Sapeda N., Młynarska E., Rysz J. et al. Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(17):13434. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713434.Van Gils J.M., Ramkhelawon B., Fernandes L., Stewart M.C., Guo L., Seibert T. et al. Endothelial expression of guidance cues in vessel wall homeostasis dysregulation under proatherosclerotic conditions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2013;33(5):911–919. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.301155.Van Gils J.M., Ramkhelawon B., Fernandes L., Stewart M.C., Guo L., Seibert T. et al. Endothelial expression of guidance cues in vessel wall homeostasis dysregulation under proatherosclerotic conditions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2013;33(5):911–919. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.301155.Vreeken D., Zhang H., van Zonneveld A.J., van Gils J.M. Ephs and ephrins in adult endothelial biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(16):5623. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165623.Vreeken D., Zhang H., van Zonneveld A.J., van Gils J.M. Ephs and ephrins in adult endothelial biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(16):5623. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165623.Kang H., Li X., Xiong K., Song Z., Tian J., Wen Y. et al. The entry and egress of monocytes in atherosclerosis: a biochemical and biomechanical driven process. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2021;2021:6642927. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642927.Kang H., Li X., Xiong K., Song Z., Tian J., Wen Y. et al. The entry and egress of monocytes in atherosclerosis: a biochemical and biomechanical driven process. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2021;2021:6642927. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642927.Avagimyan A., Fogacci F., Pogosova N., Kakturskiy L., Jndoyan Z., Faggiano A. et al. Methotrexate & rheumatoid arthritis associated atherosclerosis: A narrative review of multidisciplinary approach for risk modification by the international board of experts. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(2):102230. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102230.Avagimyan A., Fogacci F., Pogosova N., Kakturskiy L., Jndoyan Z., Faggiano A. et al. Methotrexate & rheumatoid arthritis associated atherosclerosis: A narrative review of multidisciplinary approach for risk modification by the international board of experts. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2024;49(2):102230. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102230.Cuthbert G.A., Shaik F., Harrison M.A., Ponnambalam S., Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Scavenger receptors as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Cells. 2020;9(11):2453. DOI: 10.3390/cells9112453.Cuthbert G.A., Shaik F., Harrison M.A., Ponnambalam S., Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Scavenger receptors as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Cells. 2020;9(11):2453. DOI: 10.3390/cells9112453.Kzhyshkowska J., Neyen C., Gordon S. Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis. Immunobiology. 2012;217(5):492–502. DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.02.015.Kzhyshkowska J., Neyen C., Gordon S. Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis. Immunobiology. 2012;217(5):492–502. DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.02.015.Sun C.Q., Zhong C.Y., Sun W.W., Xiao H., Zhu P., Lin Y.Z. et al. Elevated type II secretory phospholipase A2 Increases the risk of early atherosclerosis in patients with newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:34929. DOI: 10.1038/srep34929.Sun C.Q., Zhong C.Y., Sun W.W., Xiao H., Zhu P., Lin Y.Z. et al. Elevated type II secretory phospholipase A2 Increases the risk of early atherosclerosis in patients with newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:34929. DOI: 10.1038/srep34929.Kolodgie F.D., Gold H.K., Burke A.P., Fowler D.R., Kruth H.S., Weber D.K. et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349(24):2316–2325. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa035655.Kolodgie F.D., Gold H.K., Burke A.P., Fowler D.R., Kruth H.S., Weber D.K. et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349(24):2316–2325. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa035655.Puylaert P., Zurek M., Rayner K.J., De Meyer G.R.Y., Martinet W. Regulated necrosis in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2022;42(11):1283–1306. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.318177.Puylaert P., Zurek M., Rayner K.J., De Meyer G.R.Y., Martinet W. Regulated necrosis in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2022;42(11):1283–1306. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.318177.Gillard B.K., Rosales C., Gotto A.M. Jr, Pownall H.J. The pathophysiology of excess plasma-free cholesterol. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2023;34(6):278–286. DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000899.Gillard B.K., Rosales C., Gotto A.M. Jr, Pownall H.J. The pathophysiology of excess plasma-free cholesterol. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2023;34(6):278–286. DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000899.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.