ssmuБюллетень сибирской медициныBulletin of Siberian Medicine1682-03631819-3684Siberian State Medical University, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation10.20538/1682-0363-2025-2-169-178ssmu-6067Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEW AND LECTURESТренды прецизионной диагностики и мониторинга воспалительных заболеваний кишечника: потенциал протеомных и метаболомных биомаркеровTrends in precision diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory bowel diseases: the potential of proteomic and metabolomic biomarkershttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8300-8988ЛяминаС. В.LyaminaS. V.

Лямина Светлана Владимировна – д-р мед. наук, зав. лабораторией молекулярной патологии пищеварения, Научно-исследовательский центр  биомедицинских исследований, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гастроэнтерологии 

Россия, 127006, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4

 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., 127006 Moscow, Russian Federation 

svlvs@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-564XМаевИ. В.MaevI. V.

Маев Игорь Вениаминович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, заслуженный врач РФ, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, зав. кафедрой  пропедевтики внутренних болезней и  гастроэнтерологии

Россия, 127006, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4

 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., 127006 Moscow, Russian Federation 

ProRekt-02@msmsu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-156XИвановаТ. И.IvanovaT. I.

Иванова Татьяна Игоревна – лаборант-исследователь, лаборатория молекулярной патологии пищеварения, Научно-исследовательский центр биомедицинских исследований

Россия, 127006, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4

 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., 127006 Moscow, Russian Federation 

artlife1917@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9835-694XКожевниковаЕ. О.KozhevnikovaE. O.

Кожевникова Екатерина Олеговна – канд. биол. наук, науч. сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной патологии пищеварения, Научно-исследовательский центр биомедицинских исследований

Россия, 127006, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4

 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., 127006 Moscow, Russian Federation 

katena_94@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-9396КалишС. В.KalishS. V.

Калиш Сергей Валерьевич – науч. сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной патологии пищеварения, Научно-исследовательский центр биомедицинских исследований 

Россия, 127006, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4

 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., 127006 Moscow, Russian Federation 

anahoretes@mail.ruРоссийский университет медицины (РосУниМед)РоссияRussian University of MedicineRussian Federation202514072025242169178Copyright © Лямина С.В., Маев И.В., Иванова Т.И., Кожевникова Е.О., Калиш С.В., 20252025Лямина С.В., Маев И.В., Иванова Т.И., Кожевникова Е.О., Калиш С.В.Lyamina S.V., Maev I.V., Ivanova T.I., Kozhevnikova E.O., Kalish S.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.ssmu.ru/jour/article/view/6067

Омиксные технологии, в том числе протеомные и метаболомные подходы, предоставляют многообещающие возможности для повышения точности диагностики и мониторинга течения воспалительных заболеваний кишечника (ВЗК). Интеграция этих передовых направлений исследований в клиническую медицину не только позволяет более углубленно оценить патогенез ВЗК, но и открывает путь к инновационным терапевтическим стратегиям, адаптированным к индивидуальным профилям пациентов и когорт пациентов.Лекция посвящена анализу трендов выявления биомаркеров с высокой чувствительностью и специфичностью, которые могут быть использованы как для диагностики и предикции течения подтипов ВЗК, так и прогнозировать ответную реакцию на терапию, что в конечном итоге будет способствовать не только улучшению результатов лечения, но и повышению качества жизни пациентов.Авторами проведен несистематический, описательный поиск литературы с глубиной 10 лет, направленный на систематизацию данных о достижениях подходов протеомики и метаболомики для целей диагностики, мониторинга течения ВЗК и персонализации терапевтических стратегий. Поиск литературных источников проводился по базам данных Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, РИНЦ.Анализ результатов экспериментальных и клинических исследований позволил выделить ряд биомаркеров – кандидатов для тестирования и потенциального внедрения в рутинную клиническую практику. Получены убедительные данные о потенциальных преимуществах интеграции протеомных и метаболомных исследований с другими омиксными подходами. Очевидна значимость междисциплинарного подхода, объединяющего результаты клинических исследований, современные подходы биоинформатики и молекулярной биологии для разработки более эффективных диагностических инструментов и стратегий.

Omics technologies, including proteomics and metabolomics approaches, provide promising opportunities to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring of the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Integration of these advanced research areas into clinical medicine not only allows for a more in-depth assessment of the pathogenesis of IBD, but also opens avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies adapted to individual patient profiles and patient cohorts.The lecture analyzes trends in the identification of biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity that can be used both for diagnosis and prognosis of the course of IBD subtypes, and for predicting the response to therapy, which, ultimately, will contribute not only to improved treatment outcomes, but also to an increase in the quality of life of patients.The authors conducted a non-systematic, descriptive review of the literature with a search depth of 10 years, aimed at systematizing data on the achievements of proteomics and metabolomics approaches for the diagnosis, monitoring of the IBD course, and personalization of therapeutic strategies. The search for literary references was carried out using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, and RSCI databases.The analysis of the results of experimental and clinical studies allowed to identify a number of biomarkers – candidates for testing and potential implementation in routine clinical practice. Convincing data were obtained on the potential benefits of integrating proteomics and metabolomics studies with other omics approaches. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach combining the results of clinical studies with modern approaches in bioinformatics and molecular biology for the development of more effective diagnostic tools and strategies is obvious.

воспалительные заболевания кишечникаболезнь Кронаязвенный колитомиксные технологииметаболомпротеомinflammatory bowel diseaseCrohn’s diseaseulcerative colitisomics technologiesmetabolomeproteomeРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России в рамках реализации научной тематики кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гастроэнтерологии, научно-исследовательского центра биомедицинских исследований.The study was funded by Russian University of Medicine as part of the research topic of the Division of Introduction into Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, Research Center for Biomedical Studies.ReferencesLiu C., Yu R., Zhang J., Wei S., Xue F., Guo Y. et al. Research hotspot and trend analysis in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease: A machine learning bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2021. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:972079. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972079.Liu C., Yu R., Zhang J., Wei S., Xue F., Guo Y. et al. Research hotspot and trend analysis in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease: A machine learning bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2021. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:972079. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972079.Fabian O., Bajer L., Drastich P., Harant K., Sticova E., Ďásková N. et al. A Current State of Proteomics in Adult and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Search and Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(11):9386–9386. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119386.Fabian O., Bajer L., Drastich P., Harant K., Sticova E., Ďásková N. et al. A Current State of Proteomics in Adult and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Search and Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(11):9386–9386. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119386.Clough J., Colwill M., Poullis A., Pollok R., Patel K., Honap S. Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease: a practical guide. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2024;17:1–19. DOI: 10.1177/17562848241251600.Clough J., Colwill M., Poullis A., Pollok R., Patel K., Honap S. Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease: a practical guide. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2024;17:1–19. DOI: 10.1177/17562848241251600.Mestrovic A., Perkovic N., Bozic D., Kumric M., Vilovic M., Bozic J. Precision medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: a spotlight on emerging molecular biomarkers. Advances in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2024;12(7):1520–1520. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071520.Mestrovic A., Perkovic N., Bozic D., Kumric M., Vilovic M., Bozic J. Precision medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: a spotlight on emerging molecular biomarkers. Advances in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2024;12(7):1520–1520. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071520.D’Incà R., Sturniolo G. Biomarkers in IBD: what to utilize for the diagnosis? Diagnostic. 2023;13(18):2931. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182931.D’Incà R., Sturniolo G. Biomarkers in IBD: what to utilize for the diagnosis? Diagnostic. 2023;13(18):2931. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182931.Kim J., Suh D.H., Park Y., Jae S., Kang Oh.H., Ji. Y. et al. P140 Serum metabolomic biomarkers can identify and characterize associated subtypes and phenotypes in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2024;18:i437–i438. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.0270.Kim J., Suh D.H., Park Y., Jae S., Kang Oh.H., Ji. Y. et al. P140 Serum metabolomic biomarkers can identify and characterize associated subtypes and phenotypes in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2024;18:i437–i438. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.0270.Ning L., Zhou Y.L., Sun H., Zhang Y., Shen Ch., Wang Z. et al. Microbiome and metabolome features in inflammatory bowel disease via multi-omics integration analyses across cohorts. Nat. Commun. 2023;14:7135. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42788-0.Ning L., Zhou Y.L., Sun H., Zhang Y., Shen Ch., Wang Z. et al. Microbiome and metabolome features in inflammatory bowel disease via multi-omics integration analyses across cohorts. Nat. Commun. 2023;14:7135. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42788-0.Chen L., Zhang C., Niu R., Mao R., Qiu Yun, Feng R. P915 multi-omics biomarkers for the prediction of response to biologics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2024;18(1):i1670–i1671. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.1045.Chen L., Zhang C., Niu R., Mao R., Qiu Yun, Feng R. P915 multi-omics biomarkers for the prediction of response to biologics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2024;18(1):i1670–i1671. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.1045.Bourgonje A.R., Goor H., Faber K.N., Dijkstra G. Clinical value of multi-omics-based biomarker signatures in inflammatory bowel diseases: challenges and opportunities. Clinical and translational gastroenterology. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 2023;14(7):e00579. DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000579.Bourgonje A.R., Goor H., Faber K.N., Dijkstra G. Clinical value of multi-omics-based biomarker signatures in inflammatory bowel diseases: challenges and opportunities. Clinical and translational gastroenterology. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 2023;14(7):e00579. DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000579.Wright I., Van Eyk J.E. A Roadmap to successful clinical proteomics. Clin. Chem. 2017;63:245–247. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.254664.Wright I., Van Eyk J.E. A Roadmap to successful clinical proteomics. Clin. Chem. 2017;63:245–247. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.254664.Deeke S.A., Starr A.E., Ning Z., Ahmadi S., Zhang X., Mayne J. et al. Open: Mucosal-luminal interface proteomics reveals biomarkers of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease-associated colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2018;113:713–724. DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0024-9.Deeke S.A., Starr A.E., Ning Z., Ahmadi S., Zhang X., Mayne J. et al. Open: Mucosal-luminal interface proteomics reveals biomarkers of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease-associated colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2018;113:713–724. DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0024-9.Berndt U., Bartsch S., Philipsen L., Danese S., Wiedenmann B., Dignass A.U. et al. Proteomic analysis of the inflamed intestinal mucosa reveals distinctive immune response profiles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. J. Immunol. 2007;179:295–304. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.295.Berndt U., Bartsch S., Philipsen L., Danese S., Wiedenmann B., Dignass A.U. et al. Proteomic analysis of the inflamed intestinal mucosa reveals distinctive immune response profiles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. J. Immunol. 2007;179:295–304. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.295.Kalla R., Adams A.T., Bergemalm D., Vatn S., Kennedy N.A., Ricanek P. et al. Serum proteomic profiling at diagnosis predicts clinical course, and need for intensification of treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. BioRxiv. 2020;15(5):699–708. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa230.Kalla R., Adams A.T., Bergemalm D., Vatn S., Kennedy N.A., Ricanek P. et al. Serum proteomic profiling at diagnosis predicts clinical course, and need for intensification of treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. BioRxiv. 2020;15(5):699–708. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa230.Livanos A.E., Dunn A., Fischer J., Ungaro R.C., Turpin W., Lee S.H. et al. Anti-Integrin αvβ6 autoantibodies are a novel biomarker that antedate ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2023;164:619–629. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.12.042.Livanos A.E., Dunn A., Fischer J., Ungaro R.C., Turpin W., Lee S.H. et al. Anti-Integrin αvβ6 autoantibodies are a novel biomarker that antedate ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2023;164:619–629. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.12.042.Arai Y., Matsuura T., Matsuura M., Fujiwara M., Okayasu I., Ito S. et al. Prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite as a biomarker for inflammation in ulcerative colitis: prostaglandins revisited. Digestion. 2016;93:32–39. DOI: 10.1159/000441665.Arai Y., Matsuura T., Matsuura M., Fujiwara M., Okayasu I., Ito S. et al. Prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite as a biomarker for inflammation in ulcerative colitis: prostaglandins revisited. Digestion. 2016;93:32–39. DOI: 10.1159/000441665.Meuwis M.-A., Fillet M., Geurts P., de Seny D., Lutteri L., Chapelle J.-P. et al. Biomarker discovery for inflammatory bowel disease, using proteomic serum profiling. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007;73:1422–1433. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.019.Meuwis M.-A., Fillet M., Geurts P., de Seny D., Lutteri L., Chapelle J.-P. et al. Biomarker discovery for inflammatory bowel disease, using proteomic serum profiling. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007;73:1422–1433. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.019.Starr A.E., Deeke S.A., Ning Z., Chiang C.-K., Zhang X., Mottawea W. et al. Proteomic analysis of ascending colon biopsies from a paediatric inflammatory bowel disease inception cohort identifies protein biomarkers that differentiate Crohn’s disease from UC. Gut. 2017;66:1573–1583. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310705.Starr A.E., Deeke S.A., Ning Z., Chiang C.-K., Zhang X., Mottawea W. et al. Proteomic analysis of ascending colon biopsies from a paediatric inflammatory bowel disease inception cohort identifies protein biomarkers that differentiate Crohn’s disease from UC. Gut. 2017;66:1573–1583. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310705.Han N.Y., Choi W., Park J.M., Kim E.H., Lee H., Hahm K.B. Label-free quantification for discovering novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and assessment of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Dig. Dis. 2013;14(4):166–174. DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12035.Han N.Y., Choi W., Park J.M., Kim E.H., Lee H., Hahm K.B. Label-free quantification for discovering novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and assessment of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Dig. Dis. 2013;14(4):166–174. DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12035.Hsieh S.Y., Shih T..C, Yeh C.Y., Lin C.J., Chou Y.Y., Lee Y.S. Comparative proteomic studies on the pathogenesis of human ulcerative colitis. Proteomics. 2006;6(19):5322–5331. DOI:10.1002/pmic.200500541.Hsieh S.Y., Shih T..C, Yeh C.Y., Lin C.J., Chou Y.Y., Lee Y.S. Comparative proteomic studies on the pathogenesis of human ulcerative colitis. Proteomics. 2006;6(19):5322–5331. DOI:10.1002/pmic.200500541.Sun M., He C., Cong Y., Liu Z. Regulatory immune cells in regulation of intestinal inflammatory response to microbiota. Mucosal. Immunol. 2015;8:969–978. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.49.Sun M., He C., Cong Y., Liu Z. Regulatory immune cells in regulation of intestinal inflammatory response to microbiota. Mucosal. Immunol. 2015;8:969–978. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.49.Kumric M., Zivkovic P.M., Ticinovic Kurir T., Vrdoljak J., Vilovic M., Martinovic D. et al. Role of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostics. 2021;12:45. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010045.Kumric M., Zivkovic P.M., Ticinovic Kurir T., Vrdoljak J., Vilovic M., Martinovic D. et al. Role of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostics. 2021;12:45. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010045.Uzzan M., Colombel J.F., Cerutti A., Treton X., Mehandru S. B Cell-activating factor (BAFF)-targeted b cell therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2016;61:3407–3424. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4317-9.Uzzan M., Colombel J.F., Cerutti A., Treton X., Mehandru S. B Cell-activating factor (BAFF)-targeted b cell therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2016;61:3407–3424. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4317-9.Timmermans W.M., van Laar J.A., van der Houwen T.B., Kamphuis L.S., Bartol S.J., Lam K.H. et al. B-Cell Dysregulation in Crohn’s disease is partially restored with infliximab therapy. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0160103. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160103.Timmermans W.M., van Laar J.A., van der Houwen T.B., Kamphuis L.S., Bartol S.J., Lam K.H. et al. B-Cell Dysregulation in Crohn’s disease is partially restored with infliximab therapy. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0160103. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160103.Andreou N.P., Legaki E., Dovrolis N., Boyanov N., Georgiou K., Gkouskou K. et al. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) expression is associated with Crohn’s disease and can serve as a potential prognostic indicator of disease response to Infliximab treatment. Dig. Liver Dis. 2021;53:574–580. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.11.030.Andreou N.P., Legaki E., Dovrolis N., Boyanov N., Georgiou K., Gkouskou K. et al. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) expression is associated with Crohn’s disease and can serve as a potential prognostic indicator of disease response to Infliximab treatment. Dig. Liver Dis. 2021;53:574–580. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.11.030.Quan R., Chen C., Yan W., Zhang Y., Zhao X., Fu Y. BAFF blockade attenuates inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier dysfunction in a murine endotoxemia model. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:570920. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570920.Quan R., Chen C., Yan W., Zhang Y., Zhao X., Fu Y. BAFF blockade attenuates inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier dysfunction in a murine endotoxemia model. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:570920. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570920.Zhang Y., Tao M., Chen C., Zhao X., Feng Q., Chen G. et al. BAFF blockade attenuates DSS-induced chronic colitis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:783254. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.783254.Zhang Y., Tao M., Chen C., Zhao X., Feng Q., Chen G. et al. BAFF blockade attenuates DSS-induced chronic colitis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:783254. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.783254.Magnusson M.K., Strid H., Isaksson S., Bajor A., Lasson A., Ung K.-A. et al. Response to infliximab therapy in ulcerative colitis is associated with decreased monocyte activation, reduced CCL2 expression and downregulation of tenascin C. J. Crohn’s Colitis. 2014;9:56–65. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju008.Magnusson M.K., Strid H., Isaksson S., Bajor A., Lasson A., Ung K.-A. et al. Response to infliximab therapy in ulcerative colitis is associated with decreased monocyte activation, reduced CCL2 expression and downregulation of tenascin C. J. Crohn’s Colitis. 2014;9:56–65. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju008.Heier C.R., Fiorillo A.A., Chaisson E., Gordish-Dressman H., Hathout Y., Damsker J.M. et al. Identification of pathway-specific serum biomarkers of response to glucocorticoid and infliximab treatment in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 2016;7:e192. DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.49.Heier C.R., Fiorillo A.A., Chaisson E., Gordish-Dressman H., Hathout Y., Damsker J.M. et al. Identification of pathway-specific serum biomarkers of response to glucocorticoid and infliximab treatment in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 2016;7:e192. DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.49.Ma R., Zhu Y., Li X., Hu S., Zheng D., Xiong S. et al. A novel serum metabolomic panel for the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2023;29(10):1524–1535. DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad080.Ma R., Zhu Y., Li X., Hu S., Zheng D., Xiong S. et al. A novel serum metabolomic panel for the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2023;29(10):1524–1535. DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad080.Vakhitov T., Kononova S., Demyanova E., Morugina A.S., Utsal V.A., Skalinskaya M.I. et al. Identification of candidate biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease using non-targeted serum metabolomics. Voprosy Detskoj Dietologii. 2022;20(6):21–32. DOI: 10.20953/1727-5784-2022-6-21-32.Vakhitov T., Kononova S., Demyanova E., Morugina A.S., Utsal V.A., Skalinskaya M.I. et al. Identification of candidate biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease using non-targeted serum metabolomics. Voprosy Detskoj Dietologii. 2022;20(6):21–32. DOI: 10.20953/1727-5784-2022-6-21-32.Wu X.P., Liu K., Wu Q., Wang M., Chen X., Li Y. et al. Biomarkers of Metabolomics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Damp-Heat Syndrome: A Preliminary Study. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022;3319646. DOI: 10.1155/2022/3319646.Wu X.P., Liu K., Wu Q., Wang M., Chen X., Li Y. et al. Biomarkers of Metabolomics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Damp-Heat Syndrome: A Preliminary Study. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022;3319646. DOI: 10.1155/2022/3319646.Gallaghe K., Catesson A., Griffin J.L., Holmes E., Williams H.R.T. Metabolomic Analysis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. J. Crohns Colitis. 2021;15:813–826. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa227.Gallaghe K., Catesson A., Griffin J.L., Holmes E., Williams H.R.T. Metabolomic Analysis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. J. Crohns Colitis. 2021;15:813–826. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa227.Vich Vila A., Zhang J., Liu M., Faber K.N., Weersma R.K. Untargeted faecal metabolomics for the discovery of biomarkers and treatment targets for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2024;73(11):1909–1920. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329969.Vich Vila A., Zhang J., Liu M., Faber K.N., Weersma R.K. Untargeted faecal metabolomics for the discovery of biomarkers and treatment targets for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2024;73(11):1909–1920. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329969.Zheng X., Zhu Y., Zhao Z., Chu Y., Yang W. The role of amino acid metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023.14:1284133. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284133.Zheng X., Zhu Y., Zhao Z., Chu Y., Yang W. The role of amino acid metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023.14:1284133. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284133.He F., Wu C., Li P., Li N., Zhang D., Zhu Q. et al. Functions and signaling pathways of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. BioMed Research International. 2018:9171905. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9171905.He F., Wu C., Li P., Li N., Zhang D., Zhu Q. et al. Functions and signaling pathways of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. BioMed Research International. 2018:9171905. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9171905.Yan D., Ye S., He Y., Wang S., Xiao Y., Xiang X. et al. Fatty acids and lipid mediators in inflammatory bowel disease: from mechanism to treatment. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;14:1286667. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286667.Yan D., Ye S., He Y., Wang S., Xiao Y., Xiang X. et al. Fatty acids and lipid mediators in inflammatory bowel disease: from mechanism to treatment. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;14:1286667. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286667.Wang C., Gu Y., Chu Q., Wang X., Ding Y., Qin X. et al. Gut microbiota and metabolites as predictors of biologics response in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive systematic review. Microbiology Research. 2024;282:127660–127660. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127660.Wang C., Gu Y., Chu Q., Wang X., Ding Y., Qin X. et al. Gut microbiota and metabolites as predictors of biologics response in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive systematic review. Microbiology Research. 2024;282:127660–127660. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127660.Reider S., Watschinger C., Koch R., Tilg H., Moschen A. P206 Metabolomic predictors of response to vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2024;18(1):i527. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.0336.Reider S., Watschinger C., Koch R., Tilg H., Moschen A. P206 Metabolomic predictors of response to vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2024;18(1):i527. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad212.0336.Garg M., Karpinski M., Matelska D. Disease prediction with multi-omics and biomarkers empowers case–control genetic discoveries in the UK Biobank. Nat. Genet. 2024;56:1821–1831. DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01898-1.Garg M., Karpinski M., Matelska D. Disease prediction with multi-omics and biomarkers empowers case–control genetic discoveries in the UK Biobank. Nat. Genet. 2024;56:1821–1831. DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01898-1.Smelik M., Zhao Y., Li X., Loscalzo J., Sysoev O., Mahmud F. et al. An interactive atlas of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic biomarkers promotes the potential of proteins to predict complex diseases. Sci. Rep. 2024;14(1):12710. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63399-9.Smelik M., Zhao Y., Li X., Loscalzo J., Sysoev O., Mahmud F. et al. An interactive atlas of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic biomarkers promotes the potential of proteins to predict complex diseases. Sci. Rep. 2024;14(1):12710. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63399-9.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.