СТРУКТУРНАЯ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ГЕТЕРОГЕННОСТЬ АСТРОЦИТОВ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА: РОЛЬ В НЕЙРОДЕГЕНЕРАЦИИ И НЕЙРОВОСПАЛЕНИИ

В настоящем обзоре литературы обсуждаются вопросы структурной и функциональной гетерогенности клеток астроглиальной природы головного мозга, лежащих в основе формирования и развития значительного числа физиологических и патологических процессов. Принадлежащие к разным субпопуляциям астроциты демонстрируют разную чувствительность к действию повреждающих факторов, по-разному участвуют в реализации реактивных реакций или локального иммунного ответа. Присущие астроцитам ключевые функции – нейрогенез, нейрон-астроглиальное метаболическое сопряжение, глиальный контроль локального кровотока – во многом определяются тем, какие из клеток астроглиальной природы их реализуют. Изменения, наблюдаемые на начальных этапах прогрессирования нейродегенеративных заболеваний и патологии, ассоциированной с нарушением развития головного мозга, показывают, что их важным компонентом являются значимые изменения структурных и функциональных свойств астроцитов, и поэтому направленная регуляция указанных клеточно-молекулярных событий может представлять собой действенную терапевтическую стратегию, в которой ключевые мишени – молекулы, экспрессируемые клетками астроглиальной природы.

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