Открытые и эндоваскулярные оперативные вмешательства при стенозе периферических отделов фистульных вен

Сосудистый доступ – краеугольный камень гемодиализа. При дисфункции сосудистого доступа значительно ухудшаются результаты лечения пациентов с хронической болезнью почек V стадии. Одной из наиболее частых причин дисфункции сосудистого доступа является стеноз периферического отдела фистульной вены. Несмотря на многообразие инициирующих факторов, морфологическим субстратом стенотического поражения фистульной вены (или артериовенозного анастомоза) в большинстве случаев является неоинтимальная гиперплазия. Стенотическое поражение фистульной вены сильно ассоциировано с повышенным риском тромбоза и утратой сосудистого доступа. Можно условно выделить четыре характерные локализации стеноза: артериовенозный или артериопротезный анастомоз, стеноз юкстаанастомотического сегмента фистульной вены, стеноз фистульной вены на протяжении «функционального» сегмента, стеноз «плечевой дуги».

Показаниями к оперативному лечению в подавляющем большинстве случаев являются нарушение функции сосудистого доступа и гораздо реже – клиническая симптоматика венозной недостаточности.

Известны различные методы открытой реконструкции стенозированного участка фистульной вены: резекция, протезирование синтетическим сосудистым протезом, протезирование или пластика стенки аутовеной, полное или частичное дренирование пристенотического сегмента вены и др. Постепенно набирает популярность альтернативный метод пластики стеноза при помощи эндоваскулярных вмешательств. В отличие от стенозов центральных вен, где эндоваскулярные вмешательства являются золотым стандартом, при стенозе периферических вен это лишь адъювантый метод. Осложнения при эндоваскулярных вмешательствах встречаются крайне редко.

Несмотря на то, что эндоваскулярные вмешательства имеют практически абсолютную вероятность технического успеха, первичная проходимость невысока и составляет примерно 50% через полгода. Использование непокрытых стентов не сопровождается увеличением первичной проходимости. Применение стент-графтов позволяет увеличить первичную проходимость, особенно при пластике «проблемных» стенозов в области протезовенозного анастомоза и плечевой дуги.

Множество вопросов, связанных с эндоваскулярными вмешательствами, остаются неразрешенными, что требует продолжения исследований в этом направлении. 

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