Alternative risk factors and their importance in assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic patients
https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2020-2-182-188
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases retain their leading position among the leading causes of death worldwide. The contribution of many factors to increasing risk of developing cardiovascular diseases was proven. The article provides an overview of current views on the role of risk factors in assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic patients. Determination of individual cardiovascular risk is not questioned. However, more information is accumulating on the need to supplement the existing cardiovascular risk assessment scales with new factors in order to more accurately predict cardiovascular risk. The value of alternative risk factors, such as psychosocial factor, level of physical activity, family history of cardiovascular diseases, coronary artery calcification, ankle-brachial index, and identification of atherosclerotic plaques during ultrasound scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries, is described. Studies that consider the impact of these risk factors on reducing discrimination against cardiovascular risk when added to the globally used risk assessment scales are presented.
About the Authors
N. Yu. Lobanova
Kirov State Medical University
Russian Federation
112, Karl Marx Str., Kirov, 610998, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
112, Karl Marx Str., Kirov, 610998, Russian Federation
E. N. Chicherina
Kirov State Medical University
Russian Federation
112, Karl Marx Str., Kirov, 610998, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
112, Karl Marx Str., Kirov, 610998, Russian Federation
References
1. Li B., Li W., Li X., Zhou H. Inflammation: a novel therapeutic target/direction in atherosclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017; 23 (8): 1216–1227. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161230142931.
2. Barquera S., Pedroza-Tobias A., Medina C., Hernandez-Barrera L., Bibbins-Domingo K., Lozano R., Moran A.E. Global overview of the epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Arch. Med. Res. 2015; 46 (5): 328–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.06.006.
3. Kalra D.K., Heo R., Valenti V., Nakazato R., Min J.K. Role of computed tomography for diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2014; 34 (6): 1144–1154. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302074.
4. GBD 2013 mortality and causes of death collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 385 (9963): 117–171. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
5. Piepoli M.F., Hoes A.W., Agewall S., Albus C., Brotons C., Catapano A.L., Cooney M.T., Corrà U., Cosyns B., Deaton C., Graham I., Hall M.S., Hobbs F.D.R,. Løchen M.L., Löllgen H, Marques-Vidal P., Perk J., Prescott E., Redon J., Richter D.J., Sattar N., Smulders Y., Tiberi M., van der Worp H.B., van Dis I., Verschuren W.M.M., Binno S. ESC scientific document group. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the sixth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) developed with the special contribution of the European association for cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur. Heart J. 2016; 37 (29): 2315–2381. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106.
6. Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. 1985. Bull. World Health Organ. 2001; 79 (10): 990–996.
7. Dragano N., Siegrist J., Nyberg S.T., Lunau T., Fransson E.I., Alfredsson L., Bjorner J.B., Borritz M., Burr H., Erbel R., Fahlén G., Goldberg M., Hamer M., Heikkilä K., Jöckel K.H., Knutsson A., Madsen I., Nielsen M.L., Nordin M., Oksanen T., Pejtersen J.H., Pentti J., Rugulies R., Salo P., Schupp J., Singh-Manoux A., Steptoe A., Theorell T., Vahtera J., Westerholm P., Westerlund H., Virtanen M., Zins M., Batty G.D., Kivimäki M. IPD-work consortium (2017). Effort-reward imbalance at work and incident coronary heart disease: a Multicohort Study of 90,164 individuals. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2017; 28 (4): 619–626. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000666.
8. Polak J.F., Szklo M., Kronmal R.A., Burke G.L., Shea S, Zavodni A.E., O’Leary D.H. The value of carotid artery plaque and intima-media thickness for incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2013 April; 2 (2): e000087. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000087.
9. Blaha M.J., Yeboah J., Al Rifai M., Liu K., Kronmal R., Greenland P. Providing evidence for subclinical CVD in risk assessment. Glob. Heart. 2016 Sept.; 11 (3): 275–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.08.003.
10. Delaney J.A., Jensky N.E., Criqui M.., Whitt-Glover M.C., Lima J.A., Allison M.A. The association between physical activity and both incident coronary artery calcification and ankle brachial index progression: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2013; 230 (2): 278–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.06.030.
11. Cohen R., Budoff M., McClelland R.L., Sillau S., Burke G., Blaha M., Szklo M., Uretsky S., Rozanski A., Shea S. Significance of a positive family history for coronary heart disease in patients with a zero coronary artery calcium score (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am. J. Cardiol. 2014; 114 (8): 1210–1214. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.043.
12. Pandey A.K., Blaha M.J., Sharma K., Rivera J., Budoff M.J., Blankstein R., Al-Mallah M., Wong N.D., Shaw L., Carr J., O’Leary D., Lima J.A., Szklo M., Blumenthal R.S., Nasir K. Family history of coronary heart disease and the incidence and progression of coronary artery calcification: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2014; 232 (2): 369–376. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.042.
13. Yeboah J., Young R., McClelland R.L., Delaney J.C., Polonsky T.S., Dawood F.Z., Blaha M.J., Miedema M.D., Sibley C.T., Carr J.J., Burke G.L., Goff D.C. Jr, Psaty B.M., Greenland P., Herrington D.M. Utility of nontraditional risk markers in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016; 67 (2): 139–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.058.
Review
For citations:
Lobanova N.Yu., Chicherina E.N. Alternative risk factors and their importance in assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic patients. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2020;19(2):182-188. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2020-2-182-188
Views:
781
Email this article 