Микробиота: вклад в канцерогенез и функционирование иммунной системы легких

Микробиота (совокупность бактерий, простейших/архей, грибов, вирусов, обитающих в организме человека) и микробиом (их совокупный геном) являются предметом активных научных исследований. Особый интерес вызывает взаимосвязь изменений состава микробиоты и злокачественной трансформации различных органов. Легкие долгое время считались стерильным органом, однако это представление было пересмотрено благодаря развитию технологий секвенирования нового поколения. Метагеномный подход позволил идентифицировать микроорганизмы на молекулярном уровне в здоровых тканях легкого и в опухолях.

Следующим шагом стало выявление разнообразных аспектов влияния микробиоты на гомеостаз легочной системы и поддержание иммунитета. Анализ результатов исследований микробиоты легочной системы, основанных на секвенировании генов 16SрРНК, позволил установить, что микробиота здоровых легких представлена в основном бактериями, принадлежащими к типам Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria и Fusobacteria. При развитии рака легкого отмечено значительное повышение численности бактерий определенных родов и в целом снижение разнообразия микробиоты. Дисбиоз способствует активному размножению патогенов и развитию негативных состояний легочной системы. Установлено, что в норме легочная микробиота обеспечивает устойчивость к заселению легких болезнетворными микроорганизмами и играет важную роль в обеспечении сбалансированного иммунного ответа в данных органах.

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