The review of principal stages of tick-borne encephalitis study in Tomsk is presented in the article.

In the end of the XXth century an uncommon increase of morbidity rate of tick-borne encephalitis was registered. Current prophylactis measures do not consider modern epidemiologic situation, which is characterized first of all by changes in the structure of the disease and main risk group, now presented by non-vaccinated urban population. For the effective struggle with tick-borne encephalitis a new strategy of prophylaxis should be introduced based on massive vaccination of population of highly endemic re- gions. Special prophylaxis with immunogobulin, acaricidic measures and personal non-specific prophylaxis though may be effec- tive, can not resolve a problem of radical decrease of morbidity rate and play a secondary role. Considering a wide spread of focuses with coexistant tick-borne-infections, immediate prophylaxis is to be based on the results of differential express diagnostics in spe- cial laboratories that should be organized in endemic regions.

We have studied 40 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus attributed to Siberian genotype. The fragment of E gene (211 nt) has been sequenced for all strains. Futher analysis has evidenced the formation of two clusters. One of them includes the strains of East European (EE) origin, the other comprises the strains of Asian origin (A). 17 of 20 East European strains have histidin (H) in amino acid position 234 of gene E, the remaining 3 have either glutamine (Q) or tyrosine (Y). 13 Asian strains have histidine and 7 Asian strains have glutamine in amino acid position 234.

In laboratory experience the conditions for development engorged larvaes (n = 2 500) and nymphs (n = 800) of Ixodes ricinus with diapause (6 h of light) are simulated. In contrast to control (diapause), the ticks with tick-borne encephalitis virus (strain EK- 328), developed under three variants; namely with diapause, with acceleration metamorphosis, and without diapause. The distinc- tions are caused by a season of the year and influence of the virus. The realization of variants carries out by stimulation or blocking of moult hormone.

Main features of pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis virus’ persistense and outcome of the disease are determined by a complex xharacter of interaction between the virus and immune system of a patient. One of the main terms of pathogenetically im- portant virus activation is a low immune resistanse of an organism. The current article discusses role of modification of cellular dif- ferentiation, intercellular cooperation and cytogenetic instability of immunocytes as well as apoptosis as leading features of immu- nopathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis.

The article presents the results of clinical and epidemiological investigations of morbidity rate of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Tomsk region in a period of 1944—2005. it is shown that Tomsk region is an active natural focus of TBE, leading among other regions of the Russian Federation in morbidity rate and spreading of the infection. Main features of pathomorphosis of clinical ma- nifestitions of TBE were analysed: prevailing of fever and latent forms was determined, as well as decrese of paralytic and menin- geal forms levels.

The article presents the modernest sides of epidemiological of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). In features were analysed clinical manifestitions and pathomorphosis of TBE in side soften symptomes of the infection. It presents debatable problems about seroneg- ative and chronic form of TBE and chronic containing virus—TBE in blood without manifestitions. It considers some questiones of pathogeny of differences form disease. The schemes were offered for rehabilitation patientes after TBE.

The high rate of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) morbidity is lasting for recent years in many areas of Russian Federation. Vac- cination with TBE vaccine is considered to be most effective mean of TBE prophylaxis in endemic areas. VIRION branch (in Tomsk) of MICROGEN State Company have been producing inactivated TBE vaccines for more than 40 years. Since 2001 VIRION have been producing and selling novel purified concentrated TBE vaccine EnceVir. Vaccine EnceVir contains inactivated TBE virus of Far Eastern subtype as active substance with high level of its purity. The vaccine substantiated high level of immuno- genicy and safety in adult and children clinical trials. Postmarketing surveillance during 2001—2005 has verified these conclusions. Hence EnceVir is effective, safe and most available regarding value vaccine for mass vaccination campaign in Russian Federation.

In present review the connection of the reactogenity of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines not only with high content of the alien proteins, but also with content of the specific antigen for TBE virus was shown. By the example of vaccine «Encepur Adult» (Germany), containing neither polygeline and human serum albumin, feebly marked postvaccinal reactions was considered as positive fact, essentially influencing on the activity of the specific immune response.

Distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus based on virus isolations and results of seroepidemiological surveys. The were investigated 147 cases of ill (4 countries of Europe and Asia), immunological status of population (13 countries of Europe, Asia and Africa) and domestic animals (16 countries of Europe, Asia and Africa) and infected ticks (7 countries of Eu- rope and Asia). CCHF was first recognized in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Iran, India and confirmed in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia (Europe), Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan (Asia) and Uganda, Senegal, Kenya (Africa).

Borrelia garinii, B. afzelii (which are widespread and epidemiologically significant), B. burgdorferi s.s., B. valaisiana, B. lusi- tania, B. spilmani circulate in Russia and neighboring countries. By sequences of the rrf (5S).rrl (23S) regions of 139 primary iso- lates B. afzelii were determined seven genetic variants belonged to the subgroup VS461, and three — to the subgroup NT28. Seven alleles variants was find by sequences 246—337 pb of p66 gen from 45 isolates B. afzelii.

PCR assays were used to test sample from Ixodes persulcatus, blood and tissues of small mammals, human blood after tick bi- tes, as well as isolates from adult ticks. It was demonstrated the presence of two Borrelia species: B. garinii and B. afzelii. Mainly DNA B. garinii NT29 were determined.

The article gives up-to-date information on clinical manifestation and differential diagnosis of Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses.

Bartonella DNA was detected using nested PCR in ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor reticulatus, in mosquitoes Aedes cantans, but not in other mosquito or gnat species. Phylogenic analysis of the PCR product nucleotide sequences proved the infec- tion of arthropod vectors and human blood with Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana or their mixed infection in Novosibirsk region.

We describe wide distribution and considerable biological and genetical heterogeneity of Rickettsiales in Russia and Ka- zakhstan. R. sibirica subsp. sibirica, R. sibirica subsp. BJ-90, R. slovaca, R. helvetica, R.heilongjiangensis, R.aeschlimannii, R.tarasevichiae were detected in Siberia and Russian Far East. Our results show circulation of R.massiliae genotypes (R.sp.RpA4, R.sp.DnS14, R.sp.DnS28) in Dermacentor ticks, Ehrlichia muris, Anaplasma phagocytophila, «Schotti variant» — in I. persulcatus, H. concinna — in A. bovis. Role of new genotypes of .1Proteobacteria in infectology is in need of further specification.

Ehrlichia muris and Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA were detected using nested PCR among Ixodes persulcatus collected in Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions and in blood samples of small mammals from Novosibirsk and Sverdlovsk re- gions. Two genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum were revealed in blood samples and ticks from Novosibirsk region.

We investigated ticks, human blood samples, specimens of tissue and blood from small mammals using nested PCR. We de- tected high prevalence Rickettsia tarasevichiae and Rickettsia sp. RpA4 in samples of ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor re- ticulatus, correspondingly. We observed DNA of pathogenic Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia slovaca in I. persulcatus and Der- macentor marginatus and DNA of Rickettsia sibirica in human blood and in blood and liver samples of small mammals.

The clinical-epidemiological characteristics of tick-borne rikkettsiosis in Eastern Siberia is given. Prevalence of the disease in villages is higher comparing towns. The carrier of infection is Dermacentor ticks which live in steppe and forest-steppe zones closer to dwellings. Medium course of disease is prevailed and the prognosis of disease is good.

Natural centers of tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne rickettsiosis diseases are distinguished not only by stability and in- creasing level of epidemiological manifestation but also by ability to enlargement of areas. It is found that a contribution of some regions of Russia to the sick rate of tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne rickettsiosis is changing in time. For tick-borne encephalitis the contribution of East Siberia increases and becomes equal to one of Ural area. For tick-borne rickettsiosis the general contribution of four regions (East Siberia, West Siberia, Ural and Far East) amount to 92% of diseases in country. The greater part of tick-borne rickettsiosis diseases (62,1%) is the contribution of East Siberia because of activi- ty of disease centers of Altai area.

The goal of the study is to reveal the species of Ixodid ticks in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, having epidemiological value and pathogens that transmit to humans via their bites. The tasks is to determine ecologo-epidemiologial characteristics of the main vectors and genetic characteristics of the agents of tick-borne infections. Characterization of the materials. There are materials of the study of more than 200 000 Ixodid ticks of 4 species and their rate of infection by different pathogens with zooparasitological, epidemiological, virological, microbiological, molecular-biological standard and modified to the goals and tasks of the study. Most abundance and dangerous species is Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. ticks, that is widespread in region investigated. The agents of known vector-borne infections in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia are tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afze- lii, Rickettsia sibirica, R. sp. DnS14 group.

The authors of the article are trying to generalize the literary data that characterizing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production of peripheral blood immune cells during tick-borne neuroinfections: Lyme borreliosis, associated with tick- borne encephalitis. The immune response development to antigens of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi in pa- tients with a mixed-infection essentially differs from those during monoinfections.

Piculiarities of tick-borne encefalitis and Lyme borreliosis at children in Tomsk region have been stadid from 1990—2004. Characte- ristiks of clinical forms of tick-borne in acute period at 264 children and 224 children Lyme borreliosis in acute period was presented.

The results of differential express diagnostic of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis agents in ticks, removed from pa- tients are present in this article (1995—2004). The entire complex of serolological and genetical methods were used. The specific prophylaxis based on the results of diagnostic had shown to be very effective for both infections. The first data about human ehrli- chiosis and anaplasmosis in Irkutsk region had been obtained. The improvement of diagnostic and prophylactic procedures are pro- posed.