The purpose of the study is to determine the composition of the phenolic compounds of ethanol extracts isolated from three species of duckweed: Lemna minor L., Lemna trisulca L. and Lemna polyrrhiza L. (the synonym is Spirodella polyrrhiza Schleid.) and to study its effect on immune system activation.
Materials and methods. The objects of the study are: air-dried grass samples of Lemna minor L., Lemna trisuica L. and Lemna polyrrhiza L. collected during their growing season in 2010–2011 in low-flow and stagnant ponds of Kozhevnikovsky and Tomsk districts of Tomsk region. Isolation of polyphenolic complexes (PFC) was carried out by extraction of air-dried raw material with ethyl alcohol. In qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples studied the method of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an Agilent 1100 Series instrument (USA) was used in isocratic mode. In the experiments, 200 male C57BL / 6 and BALB / C mice aged 8–12 weeks were used to determine immunomodulatory activity. Cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric method. The absorption of the obtained solutions was measured with a multi-channel spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 540 nm. The determination of antibody-forming cells in the spleen was performed by local hemolysis. The titer of antibodies in serum was evaluated in the hemagglutination reaction. The local hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type was assessed by the author’s modification.
Results. For the first time the study of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of PFC of Lemna minor L. (LM) , Lemna trisulca L. (LT) trisulkas, and Lemna polyrrhiza L. (LP) : (4,7 ± 0,4)%, (3,3 ± 0,3)%, (12,8 ± 0,7)% was carried out. The highest content of phenolic acids (10,76%) and the sum of flavonoids, isoflavonoids and coumarins (14,7%) were found in the LP sample. The content of chlorogenic and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids was 2–9 times higher in LP than in other species of duckweed. In LM and LT with concentrations of 5 μg/ml and LP in the range of 0,5–160 μg/ml did not have a toxic effect on antigen presenting cells. When incubated with LT (20 μg/ml), the proliferation of macrophages was reduced by 1,2 times, and when incubated with LM and LT (80 μg/ml), by 1,2 and 1,8 times, respectively. PFC duckweed (LP) did not have a similar effect. LM and LP had a stimulating effect on the production of nitrites in the concentrations of 5 and 20 μg/ml, increasing it by 1,3–1,6 times. Course introduction of LT and LP led to a significant decrease in the number of antibody-forming cells by 1,5 and 2,3 times and a decrease in the local hypersensitivity reaction by 1,9 and 1,5 times, respectively.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of n-tyrosol (extract of rhodiola rosea) in the form of gel on the mucous membrane of the lip in rats with experimental stomatitis.
Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 54 white male rats weighing 220–280 g. The animals were divided into three groups: control, experimental for comparison and experimental main. When modeling chemical stomatitis in rats by applying 5% solution of caustic sodium to the mucous membrane of the lip, the development of inflammation was observed. The local application of the gel based on n-tyrosol was carried out three times a day for 12 days.
Histological and macroscopic examination was performed on the 3rd, 7th and 12th days. The extent of damage was recorded by measuring the area of the lesion in square millimeters (mm2 ). At the same time a control material was taken and was fixed in formalin, embedded into paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin by Van Gieson. Specific areas of dense unformed connective tissue, lymphomonocytic infiltration, granulation tissue were determined in the lesion and surrounding tissues; the numerical density of the vessels was determined in 1 mm2 . The data obtained during the study of the dynamics of healing were averaged in the groups mentioned above and subjected to statistical processing using nonparametric (Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon) methods using the computer program Statistica 8.0.
Results. On the 12th day, the area of the lesions was more than twice as large as the surface of burn surfaces, on which the gel with n-tyrosol was used. The use of n-tyrosine-based gel applications reduced by half the specific area of lymphomonocytic infiltration in the surrounding tissues and in the lesion itself, and promoted a more rapid maturation of the connective tissue. Quantitative analysis revealed that the use of the gel with n-tyrosol stimulated the proliferation of granulation and connective tissue, as well as the growth of newly formed vessels in the burn area. Thus, topical application of the n-tyrosine-based gel helped to reduce the inflammatory response and stimulated the regeneration process.

Currently, there is a urgent need to search for new diagnostic methods that allow us to reveal malignant tumors with the overexpression of Her-2/neu with high accuracy. In recent years radioisotope methods have been actively developing to identify specific tumor targets, with antibodies being the “targeting” module.
The purpose of the study. Creation of a chemically stable radiochemical compound for the imaging of cells with the overexpression of Her-2/neu.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted using two human adenocarcinoma cell lines with expression (BT-474) and without expression (MCF-7) Her-2/neu. The specificity of the binding of the test complex with Her-2/neu receptor was determined by direct radiometric and planar scintigraphy. To evaluate the differences in quantitative characteristics between the groups a non-parametric Mann – Whitney test was used.
Results. The yield of the labeled complex was more than 91% and the radiochemical frequency was more than 94%. When performing a visual scintigraphic evaluation, a much higher accumulation rate of the studied radiopharmaceutical preparation (RFP) was observed in the culture of cells with overexpression of the surface Her-2/neu receptor. Direct radiometric results also demonstrated a higher accumulation of RFPs in the human BT-474 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line with Her-2/neu overexpression in comparison with the control group.
Conclusion. Preclinical studies demonstrated high stability of the test compound, as well as its accumulation in the group of cells with Her-2/neu overexpression

Polyphenols of grapes and their beneficial effects on human health have been known for a long time and still attract more and more research interest.
The aim of the research was to reveal cardioprotective properties of polyphenols contained in grape concentrate “Fenokor” in terms of experimental histotoxic hypoxia.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 21 adult male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups, 2 of which were administered CoCl2 aqueous solution in a dose of 60 mg/kg for 7 days intragastrically. The control group consisted of 5 intact animals. The rats of the second group (n = 8) after the introduction of the cobalt did not receive any treatment, the animals of the third group (n = 8) after the administration of cobalt chloride intragastrically, were given Fenokor aqueous solution at a dose of 2,5 ml/kg along with 0,05 ml of water orally. Morphological study was performed using light and electron microscopy. During the experiment the following biochemical parameters such as contents of malondialdehyde, oxidative modification of proteins were estimated.
The results. The result of the influence of cobalt on the heart of animals in experiments is the development of severe cardiomyopathy that requires cardio-protection. Histological structure of myocardium observed in the second group of male rats after cobalt intoxication on the background of grape polyphenol concentrate generally reflected a tendency to minimize the damage extent which was manifested in the form of normalization of cell structures and muscle fibers.
Application of Fenokor has demonstrated its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties, which contributed to myocardial structure preservation in rats exposed to histotoxic hypoxia.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the wound-healing effect of the immobilized form of benzalkonium chloride and metronidazole based on the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) or polyethylene oxide (PEO) in the treatment of an experimental purulent wound.
Materials and methods. The following compositions were studied, %. Combination 1: benzalkonium chloride – 0.02; Metronidazole – 1,0; Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) – 4,0; Purified water – up to 100,0. Combination 2: benzalkonium chloride – 0,02; Metronidazole – 1,0; Polyethylene oxide, m. 400 – 80.0; Polyethylene oxide, m. 1500 – 20,0. The experiment was performed on 180 male Wistar rats, which were divided into three statistically homogeneous groups of 60 animals in each, a purulent wound was modeled in all experimental rats using the method of P.I. Tolstykh. In the control group local treatment of the wound was performed with the help of “Levomekol” ointment, in two experimental groups, the combination was treated with 1 and 2.The course evaluation of the wound process was carried out using planimetric, microbiological and histological methods of investigation. The data were recorded and the animals were eliminated from the experiment on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th and 15th days.
Results. The data of the microbiological study confirmed the high efficiency of the combinations developed by the authors in relation to standard test strains of pathogen microorganisms. As a result of the planimetric study, a significant decrease in the area of wounds in the experimental group 1 was found compared to the ontrol group, which indicates a more effective course of the healing process in experimental group 1. The same process was noted in the experimental group 2, starting from the 5th day of observation relative to the Control. The use of combinations developed by the authors in the treatment of the purulent-inflammatory process of the subcutaneous layer promotes the rapid reduction of microbial contamination of wounds compared to “Levomekol” ointment. After the histological examination, it was noted that the processes of regeneration and epithelization proceeded better in the experimental groups relative to the control.
Conclusion. The immobilized form of benzalkonium chloride and metronidazole in polyethylene oxide gel (combination 2) has the highest antimicrobial activity, in comparison with the rest of the preparations, and is statistically significant, in comparison with the control group. It also reduces the wound area and accelerates the epithelization period. At the same time, there are no significant differences between combination 1 and ointment “Levomecol” in the zones of growth retardation of microorganisms. Combination 1 shows the highest activity in the 1st day of the wound process, so it should be recommended for the treatment of purulent wounds in the first 3 days of the first phase of the wound process. Combination 2 should be recommended starting from the 3rd day of treatment, when the highest healing rate has been noted when applied in the experimental group 2.

The purpose of the study is the formation production rules for selecting combinations of antiretroviral drugs for patients with HIV infection for optimal therapy.
Materials and methods. The cluster analysis base is the choice of patients whose treatment can be assessed as successful. As a result of the selection of effective treatment cases, 79 patients were left in the study out of 123 examined cards of patients treated at the Perm Regional AIDS and Infectious Diseases Center. As input parameters for the cluster analysis, the patient’s sex, the stage of the main disease at the time of antiretroviral therapy, the way of HIV infection, and presence of opportunistic diseases were selected. As an output variable, the prescribed treatment regimen was adopted. Analysis of treatment of patients (79 cases) showed that the optimal solution is using nine clusters.
Results. The results of this analysis allow us to formulate production rules for the selection of antiretroviral drugs to create an expert system that allows us to optimize the rational choice, designation and use of drugs for the treatment of HIV-infected patients.

The purpose of the study is to estimate the functional state of epithelial cells of acini and ducts of major salivary glands with hypertrophy caused by repeated incisor amputations in immature rats.
Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on immature (20 days), white male rats, divided into 3 groups: intact, control and group of rats with repeated incisor amputations. Animals were taken out in 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks after the first incisor amputation. Morphofunctional state of rat major salivary glands was assessed by histological (hematoxylin and eosin), histochemistrical (Alcian blue, PAS-reaction, Brachet method) and morphometrical (acini area, intralobular ducts volume) methods.
Results. Repeated incisor amputations led to the increase of acini area and the decrease of intralobular duct volume in submandibular glands in 2nd–4th weeks of the experiment. Cytoplasm pyroninophilia of submandibular gland acinar cells was less pronounced and intensity of PAS-reaction was more pronounced than in intact animals in 3rd week of the experiment. Morphological and functional changes of parotid and sublingual gland epithelial cells were not observed after repeated amputations of incisors in immature rats.
Conclusion. Repeated incisor amputations in immature male rats lead to submandibular gland acinar cell hypertrophy in the early stages of the experiment (2d–4th weeks) with accumulation of glycoproteins and protein synthesis weakening in these cells. Hypertrophy of acinar cells are accompanied by retardation in the development of granular convoluted tubule cells which are the source of synthesis and secretion of the endocrine biologically active factors of submandibular glands.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most serious and widespread neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in the development of PD.
The aim of our study was to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the COMT gene coding dopamine catabolism enzyme and Parkinson’s disease.
Materials and methods. In this study seven SNPs (rs4680, rs6269, rs4633, rs4818, rs769224, rs165774, rs174696) of COMT were genotyped. 232 patients with PD and 127 healthy individuals in the Siberian region of Russia were examined. Venous blood samples were drawn as a marker of PD. Statistical differences in the prevalence of alleles and genotypes between groups of patients were assessed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.1 software.
Results. A significant association between the rs165774 polymorphism and PD was observed. Our study demonstrates that polymorphisms in the COMT gene may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease.

Aim: to study the role of amyloid-beta 40 (Aβ 40) in the development of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.
Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients aged 33–86 years, 46 men and 24 women. In patients with acute ischemic stroke cognitive status was assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Schulte tables, Clock Drawing Test, Test for Semantic Verbal Fluency and Five Words Test. The concentration of Aβ 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid was determined. Morphometric (size of the infarct and leukoaraiosis area, volume of the brain ventricles and hippocampus) and diffusion-tensor parameters of MRI (fractional anisotropy of putamen, thalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, limbs of the internal capsule, the cingulate, the superior longitudinal and inferior fronto-occipital tracts) were studied.
Results. The concentration of Aβ 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid was 436,4 (226,0–514,0) pg/ml. The protein level was associated with the result of subtests «Orientation» (MMSE) and «Attention» (MoCA), as well as indirect recall with cues in MoCA. Patients with MMSE score of 24–27 points were characterized by a lower concentration of Aβ 40 as compared to patients with a score less than 24 points. Aβ 40 concentration more than 436,4 pg/mL was associated with a more severe somatic co-morbidity of stroke (hypertension, lower hemoglobin and albumin level, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate), a smaller volume of the brain ventricles, lower fractional anisotropy of the thalamus, cingulate tracts and contralateral hippocampus. Aβ 40 concentration more than 436,4 pg/mL was also associated with a lower global cognitive status (according to the MMSE and MoCA), as well as the reduction in certain cognitive functions, namely, attention, visual-spatial functions and memory.
Conclusions. The concentration of Aβ 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid is a biological marker of severity type of post-stroke cognitive impairment. This interaction is probably due to the damage to the hippocampus, thalamus and cingulate tracts. In our opinion, the biomarker reflects both ischemic and neurodegenerative components of the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.

Aim. To study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) 45,Х/46,ХY.
Materials and methods. The study included 248 patients with genital malformations from early neonatal period to 18 years. The group of patients with DSD 45,Х/46,ХY was formed according to the results of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic examination. Anthropometric data, external and internal genitalia, hormonal parameters in mini-pubertal, neutral and pubertal periods were assessed; histological examination of the gonads and screening of development malformations were performed.
Results. DSD of 46,ХY karyotype was revealed in 48% (120/248) cases, 46,ХХ DSD – 38% (93/248), DSD with sex chromosome pathology – 14% (35/248) patients. Chromosome DSD was represented by Klinefelter syndrome, Shereshevsky – Ulrich – Turner syndrome, chimeric DSD, and ovotesticular DSD, but the majority of patients had mosaicism 45,Х/46,ХY (65%). In the group of patients with NFP 45,X/46,XY, the median degree of masculinization of the external genitalia by the scale of the external masculinization score (EMS) was 3 [1; 5,5]. Among the defects of external genitalia in most cases (82%, 18/22) there was a combination of cryptorchidism with hypospadias. Derivatives of the Mueller ducts were detected in 91% (20/22) of patients. Most patients (77%) adapt the male passport field. There were no statistically significant differences in the structure of the external and internal genitalia between the groups of patients adapted in the male and female passport fields.
The analysis of hormonal indexes revealed a positive correlation between the content of basal testosteron
in the mini-pubertal period and the index of masculinization of the external genitalia by the EMS scale (p = 0,002; r = 0,9). In the period of mini-puberty an increase in the level of gonadotropic hormones was detected in 89% (8/9) of children, a combined increase of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) being observed in 33% (3/9), an isolated increase of FSH – in 56% (5/9) of cases. In the pubertal period hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was revealed in 75% (3/4) of patients.
The results of the histological study of the gonads were heterogenous. Gonads are represented by a different degree of dysgenesis of testicular tissue: from a mild, histologically-like gonad in cryptorchidism to streak and ovotestis.
Among the extragonadal manifestations of the disease, inguinal hernia (86%), heart defects (77%) and kidney defects (36%) are prominent. Pathological growth retardation was diagnosed in 23% of children.
Conclusion. In the structure of the disease chromosomal DSD accounts for 14% of observations. A group of patients with DSD 45,X/46,XY is heterogenous in the degree of gonadal dysgenesis, the structure of the external and internal genitalia.

Aim. To determine the features of cytokine status in ischemic stroke patients with hemorrhagic transformation and its importance in the evaluation of the clinical course and outcome of the disease.
Materials and methods. Three groups of patients were examined: 1st group – 66 patients with ischemic stroke without hemorrhagic transformation (IS w/o HT), mean age 63,9 ± 1,3 years; 2nd group – 27 patients with ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation (IS with HT), mean age 65,9 ± 2,5 years; 3rd group – 65 patients with hemorrhagic stroke (HS), mean age 58,8 ± 1,6 years. Determination of cytokine concentration (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-1Ra, IL-10, IL-4) in blood serum was performed on the 1st, 2nd and 10th day of the stroke onset. The control group consisted of 55 – age and sex matched healthy donors.
Results. In the group with IS with HT the level of IL-1β on the 1st and 2nd day did not differ from the control values (p > 0,05). In patients with IS with HT the lowest levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were determined on the 1st, 2nd and 10th day of the stoke onset. On the contrary, the highest levels of IL-1Pa were determined on 1st, 2nd day and IL-4 on the 1st, and 10th day (p < 0,05). Blood plasma levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-1Pa, IL-10 in the group of IS with HT depend on the level of neurological disability, pathogenic subtype of stroke and the volume of lesion. Correlations between the level of TNF-α and volume of lesion (r = –0,66, p < 0,05), level of IL-1β and NIHSS score (r = 0,39, p < 0,05), level of IL-1β and Barthel index (r = 0,5, p < 0,05) in acute period of IS with HT were established.
Conclusion. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α are most significant in evaluation of the clinical course and functional outcome of IS with HT.

Background. In recent years there has been a tendency of increase in the proportion of nodular goiter and Graves’ disease in thyroid pathology in children, which necessitates a choice of rational tactics for treatment of these diseases. At present there is no optimal method of treatment for thyroid gland pathology, but one of the methods is surgery. Thyroid surgery due to the determination of the indications and choice of the optimal volume of the surgical intervention continues to be under debate as postoperative complications of surgical treatment of thyroid diseases in children are possible.
Aim: to study the outcomes of surgical treatment for thyroid pathology in children, depending on the volume of operation.
Materials and methods. This article presents the results of a survey of 77 children operated on in the period of 2002–2016 for Graves’ disease, single-node goiter, and multinodular goiter. The examination included the determination of the levels of ionized calcium and TSH, FT4, FT3 in the blood serum, the evaluation of the functional state of the pituitary-thyroid system, thyroid ultrasound examination, and examination by an otolaryngologist.
Results. The incidence of adverse outcomes of surgical treatment in children with nodular goiter was 27%. Adverse outcomes were observed equally often after organ-preserving operations and after thyroidectomy, but they were of different structure. The frequency of postoperative complications after thyroidectomy performed on the nodular goiter was 27%. Complications presented as postsurgical hypoparathyroidism and vocal cord paresis. In children with nodular goiter, after thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism occurred more frequently than paresis of the vocal folds. Symptomatic hypocalcemia was observed more frequently than the asymptomatic variant, and in most cases hypoparathyrodism was transient. Among children with a single-node goiter who underwent organ-preserving surgery on the thyroid gland postoperative complications such as hypoparathyroidism and paresis of the vocal folds were not identified. Adverse outcomes (disease recurrence, postoperative hypothyroidism) were observed equally often after hemithyrodectomy and node enucleation. But the risk of recurrence of nodular goiter was significantly more common in children after node enucleation than after hemithyroidectomy and postsurgical hypothyroidism was more common in children with nodular goiter after hemithyrodectomy than after node enucleation. The frequency of adverse outcomes of surgical treatment of Graves’ disease in children was 14%. Complications were presented by post-surgical hypoparathyroidism and vocal cord paresis. All complications occurred only after thyroidectomy. When compared adverse outcomes of thyroidectomy were equally common in both nodular goiter and Graves ‘disease, but persistent dysfunction in the form of permanent hypoparathyroidism and permanent vocal cord paresis were more common in Graves’ disease than in nodular goiter.
Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate the heterogeneity of surgical treatment outcomes structure which depends on the surgical intervention volume.

Objective. An experimental study of verapamil new properties, such as the regulation of the connective tissue formation.
Materials and мethods. The study was conducted in an aseptic inflammation of the peritoneum both on the body and cell culture in simulating haemoperitoneum in rats. The optimal dose (0,1 mg/kg body weight) for intraperitoneal verapamil administration was fixed, which did not provoke significant and reliable changes in cardio- and hemodynamics.
Results. It was revealed that verapamil injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0,1 mg/kg demonstrates a pronounced pharmacological effect against excessive production of the connective tissue in hemoperitoneum.
Conclusion. It was proved (in vivo and in vitro) the possibility of drug-induced modulating of the proliferative drug and collagen-producing fibroblast functions by regulating the calcium metabolism in these cells with verapamil.

Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of early and late cardiotoxicity in women receiving anthracycline antibiotics during breast cancer chemotherapy treatment as well as possible links of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.
Materials and methods. A 12-month cohort study included 148 women with breast cancer who received anthracycline antibiotics as a part of chemotherapy regimens. Echocardiography and ultrasound examination of the brachial artery were performed in all patients before chemotherapy, after the first round of therapy, and one year after inclusion in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the results of a preliminary examination. Group 1 consisted of 34 patients who had developed dysfunction from the 1st type associated with antitumor chemotherapy, and group 2 was comprised of 114 patients with preserved LVEF.
Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined after the end of antineoplastic chemotherapy by ELISA.
Results. After one year of combined treatment with anthracyclines, 23% of breast cancer patients had a depression of global systolic function in the left ventricle (reduction of the ejection fraction by 10% or more from baseline), which was associated with a change in geometry (an increase in the cavity and a decrease in the relative thickness of the walls). On the one hand, the changes in the structural and functional parameters of the left ventricle were connected with the total dose of doxorubicin and associated with a decrease in the growth of the brachial artery diameter in the reactive hyperemia test. On the other hand, the changes were associated with an increase in serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β).
Conclusions. The incidence of late dysfunction of the first type associated with antitumor chemotherapy for breast cancer is 23%. Cardiovascular injuries caused by chemotherapy with anthracyclines are dose-dependent and are accompanied by the development of vasomotor dysfunction of the endothelium of the brachial artery. Excess anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in the sera of patients who developed a depression of global left ventricular systolic function in a separated period of antitumor chemotherapy seems to reflect the role of systemic inflammation in the mechanisms of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy development.

Aim. To study the morphofunctional state of ovaries after the introduction of recombinant FSH.
Materials and methods. Two groups of mature female Wistar rats were used in the study. The experimental group consisted of 35 rats with a model of follicular ovarian cysts, while 25 rats were in the control group.
Rats were taken out of the experiment on days 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60. Paraffin slides of ovaries were stained with hematoxylin and eosin by Van Gieson. Histological and morphometric investigations were performed.
Results. On day 7 of FSH administration, the maximum increase in the size of the ovaries was observed due to the formation of single-cell follicular cysts. Rats in the experimental group showed a marked decrease in the number of growing follicles on day 7 and 15. The increase in atretic bodies and follicles in comparison with the control group was observed on day 7 and lasted until the end of the experiment. Additionally, on day 7 of the experiment, hyperemia and vasoconstriction were noted. The number of yellow bodies decreased during the experiment, and an increase in collagen formation occurred starting from day 15 of the experiment.
Conclusion. The introduction of follicle-stimulating hormone for 7 days leads to disruption of folliculogenesis, strengthening of atresia in the ovaries, and the formation of functional cysts.

Aim. To assess the hemostatic system on the aspirin therapy background using the VerifyNow Aspirin test, as well as examining platelet aggregation and low-frequency piezothromboelastography in patients with coronary artery disease during coronary artery bypass grafting.
Materials and methods. 100 people with coronary artery disease who were taking aspirin (75–100 mg daily) for more than 1 year were examined. The study was performed in the perioperative period of coronary bypass surgery without aspirin withdrawal. Evaluation of hemostasis was performed by the VerifyNow Aspirin тest (USA), platelet aggregation (Нelena Laboratories AggRAMTM, Britain) and the low-frequency piezothromboelastography (ARP-01M “Mednord”, Russia).
Results. Patients included in the study were sensitive to aspirin when under long-term administration of a drug: indicator test was VerifyNow ARU 496,9 ± 21,3)%, the platelet aggregation to ADP and adrenaline was reduced by 46% and 52%, respectively. In the early postoperative period platelet aggregation of ADP decreased by 73,2%, collagen – 75,9%, and adrenaline – 82,64% in comparison with the control group.
Perioperative hemorrhagic complications in the study group were not observed. Reduction of platelet aggregation after aspirin therapy was accompanied by an increase in thrombin activity of the blood, which allows for evaluation of the method of low-frequency piezothromboelastography (LPTEG). In the early postoperative period, the results of LPTEG, thrombin potential, and anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of blood were partially normalized without reaching the level of the control group.
Conclusion. For the evaluation of hemostasis under aspirin therapy it is advisable to apply the low-frequency piezothromboelastography, which in contrast to the VerifyNow test and traditional platelet aggregation, allows one to reveal a degree of impairment in thrombin blood activity and to conduct an integrative assessment on all aspects of hemostasis.

Aim. To estimate immunobiochemical markers of the stress response during uterine artery embolization (UAE), and to assess the connection of the endocrine and immune response with pain severity Materials and мethods: 62 patients (ages 31 to 56) with a diagnosis of multiple symptomatic uterine body fibroids were made EMA, and analgesia was achieved by intravenous injection of narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. Immunobiochemical profile of the stress reaction was investigated (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, blood glucose) at four (I ONLY SEE 3-SMT) time points (baseline at 2 hours after occlusion of the uterine arteries, and 24 and 48 hours after surgery). Pain syndrome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) by means of hemodynamic profile.
Results. The occlusion of the uterine arteries and ischemia myoma nodes lead to the development of the stress response, as anincrease in the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines, CRP, stress hormones (ACTH, cortisol) levels of glucose was observed. Pain of various intensity was recorded in all cases, and 18% of patients experienced marked pain (7 to 10 points on the VAS).
Conclusion. The maximum increase in immunobiochemical stress markers coincides with the highest manifestations of pain. The necessity of optimization methods of analgesia when performing EMA with the use of immunobiochemical stress markers as a control reaction taking into account hemodynamic profile and VAS data was observed.

The purpose of this article is to acquaint readers with the methods of plastic kidney vessel replacement.
Renal artery stenosis in patients with hypertension (3-10%) as well as traumatic injuries (35%) are the most common among the diseases of the renal arteries, as surgery is required. The main methods of plastic kidney vessel replacement are the use of synthetic grafts (polytetrafluoroethylene or polyester filaments with different coatings), autoveins (great saphenous Vienna), autografts from the pericardium, peritoneum, fascia, as well as different methods of renal artery resection followed by anastomosis. Despite the diversity of the methods of main vessel plastics, the search for new methods and materials, which would satisfy the necessary requirements, is needed. These requirements include: sufficient size for the plasticity of defects; resistance to infection; guaranteed absence of immunological reaction; mobility, and sufficient elasticity and durability during prolonged functioning as prosthesis of the vessel.

The aim of the survey is to summarize and assess a number of studies that examined the clinical and metabolic effects of aminophosphonates, particularly dimephosphon, which possess antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects. This paper presents a differential effect of dimephosphon on cell membrane functional activity as well as on structural features of platelet membrane as a model of smooth muscle cell in combined therapy in children with different clinical varieties of sick sinus syndrome.

The article presents an up-to-date point of view of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. A description of two cases of this disease involving connective tissue and manifested by skin pseudoxanthomas, flatfoot, scoliosis and mitral valve prolapse is included. Our results demonstrate that polysystem involvement requires an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosing and treating the pathology of the disease

The review is devoted to the problems of the development of binary technologies of radiation therapy - neutron and photon-capture therapy of malignant neoplasms. These technologies are based on the principle of “biological” targeting: irradiation of a tumor with pre-delivered special preparations increasing energy release and the relative biological efficiency of primary radiation. The basis of methods, characteristics of sources of external irradiation and used preparations, and stages of development of technologies are described. The development and implementation of binary technologies attract a great number of researchers but are restrained by the shortage of operating sources of epithermal neutrons (reactors, neutron generators based on accelerators) and the lack of accurate radiation dosimetry planning systems that takes into account the dynamics and accumulation of drugs in tumors.

A clinical description and analysis of cases of Niemann – Pick disease type C in two children are presented.
The difficulty of the diagnosis is due to the polymorphism of clinical manifestations, variability in the age of manifestation, rarity of the disease in the population, and the lack of a simple diagnostic test for mass screening. Isolated hepatosplenomegaly was revealed in the juvenile and late infantile form of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Neurological symptoms are manifested by a gradual decrease in cognitive function, gelastic cataplexy, epileptic seizures, and extrapyramidal disorders. The possibility of clarifying the diagnosis in the presented cases occurs from ages 4 – 7 due to the DNA diagnosis of NPC1 and NPC2 gene mutations.

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is the damage to cerebellar Purkinje cells by anti-Yo antibodies synthesized by the immune system in response to the generation of neuronal proteins by malignant prostate adenocarcinoma cells in 25% of cases. Neurological symptoms of cerebellar lesions appear on average 2 years before cancer manifestation in 70% of patients. During the early stages of the disease, when the tumor cannot be visualized nor clinically manifested, a high titer of anti-Yo antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. The presence of anti-Yo antibodies prostate cancer with a clinically latent course was present in 90–98% of patients with cerebellar ataxia. Onconeural autoantibodies (IgG) are well detected in serum by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence.
The death of Purkinje cells of the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellar cortex, moderate perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and further proliferation of microglia lead to atrophy. Inflammatory infiltrates may also be present in the brainstem and cortex, although in significantly less number in compar the cerebellum.
This difference accounts for the presence of additional neurological symptoms. The results of the brain MR imaging at the initial stages of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration are of little informative value, and degenerative changes in the cerebellum are revealed only a few months later with a subsequent increase in neurological deficit. Removal of malignant tumors leads to the regression of neurological symptoms in 80% of cases. This finding confirms the advisability of a targeted oncological search in patients with symptoms of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and positive onconeural antibodies in the serum. Immunomodulatory therapy, including the use of intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, and hormone therapy, is also effective in the treatment of neurological disorders. This paper describes a clinical case of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in a 65-year-old male, with the appearance of neurological symptoms 5 months before the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. The difficulties of differential diagnosis of this neurological disorder and the course of neurological diseases in the background of tumor removal and conducted immunotherapy are discussed.

Juvenile arthritis continues to be a serious diagnostic problem of pediatric rheumatology despite the improvement of clinical, immunological and instrumental methods of examination. Clinical heterogeneity, nonspecificity of instrumental picture and limited application of some examination methods account for the diagnostic difficulties of articular pathology in young children. Chronic oligoarthritis in young children presents a particular challenge due to a frequent vague onset and minimally symptomatic course which can result in a late diagnosis and a high risk of early disability. This paper identifies the problem of diagnosis of childhood arthropathy in relation to its informative value and the practical and clinical significance of basic instrumental methods of chronic arthritis visualization. Special attention is paid to particular roentgenologic features and interpretation of MR images in diagnosis of juvenile olighoarthritis. This article aims at systematizing and expanding the views of pediatricians and rheumatologists on the importance of radiography methods in the diagnosis of joint pathology in children.