Aim. To determine the cardioprotective effect of a mixture of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis (BB-12) in rats with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in comparison with the use of α- and β-adrenoblocker carvedilol and L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide (NO).
Materials and methods. Experiments were conducted on male Wistar rats in a model of SIRS including obesity and chemically induced colitis. Probiotic strains (PRK), L-arginine (ARG), and the α- and β-adrenoblocker carvedilol (ADB) were intragastrically administered to animals of the corresponding groups. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was reproduced in an isolated heart perfusion model. The size of the necrosis zone (SNZ) was determined using histochemistry. The concentration of cytokines in blood plasma was measured using an immunoenzyme technique.
Results. Myocardial SNZ in the group with SIRS modeling was significantly higher than in the control group (45 (38; 48)% and 30 (26; 31)%, p < 0.05). In the PRK and ARG groups, the SNZ was 32 (28; 35)% and 35 (26; 36)%, respectively, which was significantly lower compared to the SIRS group (p < 0.05). In the ADB group, the SNZ was 40 (31; 48)%, similar to the value in the SIRS group (p > 0.05). Hemodynamic parameters in isolated heart did not differ between the groups. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor-β in plasma was significantly higher in the SIRS group than in the control. At the same time, in the PRK and ARG groups there was a significant decrease in the levels of some cytokines, confirming the presence of anti-inflammatory effect.
Conclusion. Administration of PRK in rats with the model of SIRS caused a decrease in SNZ. At the same time, blockade of α- and β-adrenoreceptors was not accompanied by a decrease in SNZ in this model. The amino acid L-arginine had similar to the PRK group cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effect, which may indicate the similarity of the tested effects.

Aim. To study the associations between sequential factors of the 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk index MESA, heart rate variability (HRV), molecular markers of sympathetic activity and the presence or absence of calcium in the coronary arteries (CA) in patients with non-occlusive coronary atherosclerosis.
Materials and methods. A total of 30 patients with suspected CHD, as a result of which at least one CA stenosis < 70% with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 50% according to transthoracic echocardiography was identified using coronary computed tomography angiography. HRV was studied by means of daily monitoring of electrocardiograms, analyzing the parameters of time and spectral analysis. All patients had blood samples taken to measure copeptin, catestatin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Statistical analysis was performed after dividing the distribution into two subgroups depending on the value of the coronary calcium index (coronary calcium Agatston score; CCI): group 1 (CCI 0, n = 11) and group 2 (CCI > 0, n = 19).
Results. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations of CCI with lipid damage indices were established regarding total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r = –0.36 and r = –0.40, respectively), coronary artery age (r = 0.77), 10-year coronary heart disease risk index MESA (r = 0.78) and 10-year prognosis of adverse cardiovascular events (r = 0.39). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the presence of coronary artery indices (CCI > 0) in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery lesions is independently associated with a family history of coronary heart disease [odds ratio (OR) 1.92, p = 0.0011]; HRV indices [NN (OR 1.75, p = 0.0001); SDANN (OR 1.43, p = 0.0136); pNN50 (OR 1.34; p = 0.0153); rMSSD (OR 1.88; p = 0.0793)] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.09; p = 0.0111) were determined. The study determined threshold values of LDL-C (≤ 1.82 mmol/L; AUC = 0.72; p = 0.002) and copeptin (≤ 0.485 ngm/L; AUS = 0.672; p = 0.021) and hsCRP with catestatin (hsCRP ≤ 1.21 g/L and catestatin ≤ 138.1 μg/ml; AUC = 0.674; sensitivity 56.2%; p = 0.021), which in such patients can be used as markers associated with the presence of coronary calcium.
Conclusion. The presence of calcium in the coronary arteries in patients with non-obstructive lesions of the coronary arteries associated with an aggravated family history of CHD, disintegration of the autonomic heart regulation, which is expressed in the suppression of the activity of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the levels of reduction of LDL-C.

Aim. To analyze the structure of deaths from sporadic metachronous primary multiple malignant neoplasms in 2017–2023 in a multidisciplinary inpatient facility.
Materials and methods. The study included 2,394 fatal cases of patients hospitalized in a multidisciplinary inpatient facility for emergency medical care. In 2017–2023, 29 metachronous primary multiple malignant neoplasms were identified, which was 1.3% of the total number of fatal outcomes and 11% of malignant neoplasms. The median age of patients was 72.0 (69.0–82.0) years. We examined the protocols of pathological studies of autopsy material of patients hospitalized in the inpatient facility of multidisciplinary clinics of Siberian State Medical University. In patients with metachronous primary multiple malignant neoplasms, the nosological structure, stage of the process, histological form of the neoplasm, the period between the diagnosis of the first and second malignant tumor, and the immediate cause of death were analyzed. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 software package.
Results. The first tumor was most often caused by squamous cell skin cancer (21%) or invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (17.5%). The interval between the diagnosis of the first and second tumor was 72.0 (48.0–96.0) months. All patients received definitive treatment for the first tumor without progression. The second metachronous tumors were verified in an advanced stage in 72% of cases and caused the death of patients. Most often (17.5%) these were diffuse gastric cancer.
Conclusion. Metachronous primary multiple malignant tumors can occur long after the first ones (about 6 years), often in advanced forms (in this case, tumors verified exclusively postmortem – 69%), being the cause of death of patients. The most common first tumors in sporadic metachronous primary multiple malignant neoplasms are recurrent squamous cell skin cancer and ductal carcinoma of the mammary gland. The main target organ for the development of oncopathology is the stomach.

Aim. To study the parameters of formed DNA-containing extracellular structures during co-cultivation of neutrophils from healthy donors, HСT116 adenocarcinoma cells and K562 myeloblastoma.
Materials and methods. Erythrocyte sedimentation in EDTA-treated blood was carried out using Dextran 500. The neutrophil-enriched layer of blood plasma was collected. The admixture of mononuclear cells was less than 1%. Platelets were removed using differential centrifugation. Isolated neutrophils in RPMI-1640 medium were used in short-term culture experiments. HCT116 adenocarcinoma and K562 myeloblastoma cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. In the experiments, donor neutrophils and tumor cells were co-cultivated for 3 hours. SYBR Green fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the DNA-containing extracellular structures formation by cells cultured in RPMI-1640 medium.
Results. Neutrophils recognize tumor cells and respond to contact interactions, forming neutrophil extracellular traps in the form of neutrophil networks. Contacts with HCT116 adenocarcinoma cells cause rapid formation of neutrophil web-like structures – within 1 hour. The opening of neutrophil web-like structures induced by contacts with K562 myeloblastoma cells requires a longer incubation (2 hours). HCT116 cells form large bundles of DNAcontaining fibers, which completely inhibit the formation of neutrophil networks. K562 cells suppress neutrophil defense responses by reducing the number and size of neutrophil networks. The effect of inhibition of neutrophil networks by K562 cells is probably due to the action of a soluble factor that suppresses neutrophil functions described earlier.
Conclusion. The study shows that both tumor cell lines are capable of suppressing innate immune cell responses through different mechanisms. Adenocarcinoma cells inhibit neutrophil network formation upon direct contact due to the large size DNA-containing fibers they produce. Myeloblastoma cells produce the same effect, probably acting by secreting humoral factors.

Aim. To study the associations of the levels of metabolic and inflammatory molecules and the severity of postCOVID syndrome (PCS) in COVID-19 convalescents.
Materials and methods. The observational cross-sectional study included 270 individuals aged 18–84 who were COVID-19 convalescents, including 191 patients with PCS of whom 97 patients had mild PCS and 94 had moderate PCS. Serum concentrations of metabolic and inflammatory molecules were determined using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), including: alpha interferon (IFN-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), insulin, C-peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).
Results. In COVID-19 convalescents with PCS of varying severity, the level of IL-6 was 1.3 times higher than in individuals without PCS. Among men with PCS, the levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and hs-CRP were 1.5, 1.2 and 1.9 times higher, respectively, compared with men without PCS. In men with moderate PCS, the level of IL-6 was 1.9 times higher and hs-CRP was 1.7 times higher than in men without PCS. The risk of having moderate PCS in COVID-19 convalescents was directly associated with the concentration of C-peptide in the blood. In men, the risk of having PCS was directly associated with the concentration of hs-CRP in the blood.
Conclusion. In COVID-19 convalescents, the risk of having moderate PCS is directly associated with the level of C-peptide in the blood. In men, the risk of having PCS is directly associated with the level of hs-CRP in the blood.

Aim. To study the effect of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure (ADCHF) in relation to combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes during 1 year of follow-up.
Materials and methods. A total of 108 patients hospitalized with ADCHF (mean age 68.3 ± 10.0 years, 60% men) were included in a single-center prospective study. All patients included in the study underwent a standard physical and laboratory instrumental examination, including an assessment of the clinical condition according to the Rating Scale of Clinical State (RSCS) and laboratory tests (including serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the CKD-EPI 2021 equation, albumin to creatinine ratio in urine, natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) upon admission and discharge. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was diagnosed based on the KDIGO guidelines (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). The total rate of all-cause mortality and repeated hospitalizations from ADCHF was evaluated as cardiovascular outcomes. Renal outcomes included deterioration of renal function in the form of a decrease in GFR >15% of baseline and a decrease in GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2. Combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes were assessed during outpatient visits 3, 6, 12 months after discharge.
Results. The incidence of AKI during hospitalization in patients with ADCHF was 14% (n = 15). The groups with and without AKI were comparable in terms of clinical and demographic parameters and clinical assessment scale parameters. However, patients in the AKI group had higher baseline values of NT-proBNP and more pronounced impaired renal function, which persisted for 6–12 months of follow-up. There were no differences in clinical and laboratory data during the follow-up period. In patients with ADCHF, the presence of AKI during hospitalization significantly increases the risk of combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes during 1 year of follow-up (HR = 7.6; 95%CI = 2–29; p = 0.003).
Conclusion. The development of AKI during hospitalization in patients with ADCHF is a predictor of an unfavorable prognosis for combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes during 1 year of follow-up.

Aim. To study the relationship of serum fT3, fT4, and TSH levels with cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia.
Materials and methods. The study included 74 patients with schizophrenia. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected, the severity of psychopathological symptoms was assessed using PANSS, and cognitive functions were evaluated using BACS. Serum levels of fT3, fT4, and TSH in patients were determined using enzyme immunoassay kits.
Results. In the group of men with schizophrenia, a negative correlation was found between the concentration of fT3 and verbal fluency (rs = –0.325; p = 0.033), whereas in women, a positive correlation was found between the concentration of fT4 and motor skills (rs = 0.372; p = 0.039).
Conclusion. The study revealed a linear relationship between thyroid hormones and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia, but the nature of the relationship found differed in men and women. The results of the study confirm the need for regular dynamic monitoring of thyroid hormone levels in patients with schizophrenia in order to prevent the progression of cognitive impairment.

Aim. To assess the anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects of ethowurtzine compared to the reference drug diclofenac in a rat model of chronic inflammation; to evaluate the influence of ethowurtzine on nitric oxide production as a possible mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effects.
Materials and methods. The object of the study was a new patented ethowurtzine from the class of hexaazaizowurtzitane derivatives with an acceptable safety profile.
The gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ethowurtzine compared to diclofenac were studied in a model of chronic inflammation using 69 female SD rats. The compound (12.5–100 mg / kg) and a non-selective COX inhibitor diclofenac (5 mg / kg) were administered intragastrically for 7 days, 1 hour before subcutaneous implantation of a cotton swab. On day 8, the proliferative response (%), the exudative response (%), and the ulcerogenic effect of the compounds were assessed.
Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by macrophages obtained from peritoneal cavity of 25 C57Bl/6 mice (in vitro inflammation model) was evaluated by the concentration of nitrites in the cell supernatant after incubating cells in the presence of ethowurtzine and / or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 hours. The classical MTT test (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma, USA)) was used to assess the effects of ethowurtzine on macrophage proliferation.
Results. A comparative study of ethowurtzine and diclofenac in a rat model of chronic inflammation revealed the predominant anti-exudative effect of the new substance and a suppressive effect on granulation tissue proliferation comparable to that of NSAID.
The macroscopic examination of the gastric mucosa in rats receiving ethowurtzine did not reveal any ulcer damage. On the contrary, in 30% of the rats receiving diclofenac, the severity score of ulcer was 2. In the in vitro inflammation model, the addition of LPS to the macrophage culture resulted in a significant increase in NO synthesis. The introduction of ethowurtzine at different concentrations together with LPS dose-dependently reduced the NO production. A statistically significant decrease in the NO synthesis was noted at high doses of the test substance compared to the group of isolated LPS use. However, the introduction of ethowurtzine at different concentrations together with LPS did not cause statistically significant changes in the proliferation of macrophages compared to the group with the isolated LPS use.
Conclusion. The newly synthesized ethowurtzine had a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and caused a significant decrease in granulomatous infiltration and exudative edema in the chronic inflammation model. Suppression of the NO synthesis is one of the possible mechanisms in the anti-inflammatory effect of ethowurtzine. The obtained data allow to suggest possible administration of the new patented analgetic ethowurtzine in chronic pain treatment associated with inflammation.

Aim. To study the role of metabolic disorders in the development of perinatal complications of the novel coronavirus infection.
Materials and methods. The analysis of the course of pregnancy and childbirth in pregnant women who had a novel coronavirus infection (170) and without it (100), and their newborns (270).
Results. A novel coronavirus infection (NCI) during pregnancy leads to the development of complications: preeclampsia (p = 0.012), premature birth (p = 0.038), premature detachment of the normally located placenta (p = 0.05), fetal growth retardation (p = 0.028), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (p = 0.023), intrauterine infection (p = 0.048) and asphyxia of the newborn (p = 0.04). Gestational diabetes mellitus is 2 times more likely to accompany a moderate form of NCI, as opposed to a mild one (p = 0.001). Infection with the SARS-CoV2 virus on the background of previous GDM contributes to the development of moderate NCI (p = 0.005). Hyperglycemia in GDM after moderate NCI more often than after mild requires the appointment of insulin (p = 0.03). The combination of NCI and GDM is characterized by the development of polyhydramnios (p = 0.02), the risk of which increases in the presence of hereditary thrombophilia. The neonatal period is more often complicated by intrauterine pneumonia if the mother has a combination of NCI and GDM.
Conclusion. The risk of developing metabolic disorders and perinatal complications in pregnant women who had a novel coronavirus infection is significantly higher than in pregnant women without a novel coronavirus infection.

Aim. To study the effect of glycated hemoglobin level, average daily glycemia and its variability on UV-induced skin autofluorescence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Materials and methods. The study included 47 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes living in a restrictedaccess administrative and territorial unit. The autofluorescence spectra of the skin from the inner surface of the shoulder and nails of patients were recorded using an original compact spectrofluorometer based on STS-VIS OCEAN OPTICS © USA microspectrometer with UVA excitation. The statistical analysis was performed using Statsoft Statistica 12.0 software. The fluorescence spectra were normalized to the average value of the UV LED signal and the moving average smoothed using a 10 nm window. Then, the renormalization of spectra was carried out, minimizing their spread from the average sample spectrum.
Results. The study revealed the most changeable regions of UV-induced skin autofluorescence spectrum with variations in the level of glycated hemoglobin, average daily glycemia, and glycemic variability.
Conclusion. The study confirms the prospects of using skin autofluorescence measurements as a non-invasive tool for assessing the state of carbohydrate metabolism.

Aim. To study the response of systemic hemodynamic parameters to a decrease in blood viscosity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared to normotensive Wistar rats.
Materials and methods. Systemic hemodynamic parameters were recorded using the MP150 system (Biopac Systems, Inc., USA). Blood viscosity was measured using a Brookfield DV–II+Pro rotational viscometer (Brookfield Engineering Labs Inc., USA) at 36°C and a shear rate of 450 s–1. Blood viscosity was reduced using isovolemic hemodilution.
Results. The decrease in the blood viscosity in Wistar rats was not accompanied by significant changes in the parameters of systemic hemodynamics. Only a slight decrease in the mean blood pressire was revealed, probably associated with the experimental conditions and the effect of isoflurane anesthesia. Unlike normotensive animals, in SHR isovolemic hemodilution led to a marked decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, blood pressure, and an increase in stroke volume. At the same time, in SHR rats, the hypotensive reaction of blood pressure in response to a decrease in blood viscosity was 3 times greater than in Wistar rats, which indicates impaired vascular tone regulation in response to a change in shear stress.
Conclusion. Thus, in normotensive animals, a decrease in blood viscosity as a result of isovolemic hemodilution does not cause changes in the main parameters of systemic hemodynamics. In contrast, in spontaneously hypertensive animals, total peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure decrease alongside with blood viscosity, indicating impaired endothelium-dependent vascular tone regulation in response to changes in shear stress. The results obtained substantiate the use of drugs that reduce blood viscosity as a promising direction in the complex pharmacotherapy of hypertension and its complications.

Aim. To conduct an associative analysis between antipsychotic-induced metabolic disorders and the polymorphic variant NQO1 rs1800566.
Materials and methods. The study included 603 patients with schizophrenia, who underwent a comprehensive clinical, anthropometric and laboratory examination. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was established based on the 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria. Genotyping of the polymorphic variant NQO1 rs1800566 was performed in the studied sample of patients. Statistical processing of the results was performed using Statistica 12.0 software package (StatSoft, Russia).
Results. Among patients receiving basic therapy with atypical antipsychotics, the T allele had an effect predisposing to the development of MetS (odds ratio: 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–2.62), while the C allele was statistically significantly more common among patients without metabolic syndrome (odds ratio: 0.61, 95% confidence interval: 0.38–0.99). In carriers of the TT genotype, serum triglyceride levels are statistically significantly higher than in carriers of the CC or CT genotypes (p = 0.049).
Conclusion. The results of the study for the first time revealed associations of the polymorphic variant NQO1 rs1800566 with MetS and hypertriglyceridemia in patients with schizophrenia receiving pharmacotherapy with second-generation antipsychotics. The results of this study confirm the contribution of the genetic component to the development of metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia and open up prospects for further search for genetic markers for the prevention and correction of this undesirable phenomenon.

Aim. To study the frequency and predictors of positive steps in five-step stress echocardiography (SE) in patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI).
Materials and methods. The single-center study included 75 patients (61.6 ± 9.8 years, 84% men) with previous MI. The median duration of MI was 1,231.0 (381.5; 2,698.5) days. All patients underwent exercise SE according to the five-step protocol. At step A wall motion abnormalities (WMA) were detected, at step B – the sum of B-lines, at step C – contractile reserve (CR) of the left ventricle (LV), at step D – coronary reserve (CorR) in the left anterior descending artery, and at step E – heart rate reserve.
Results. The frequency of positive steps was 36.0% for step A, 18.7% for step B, 80.0% for step C, 53.3% for step D, and 50.7% for step E. Following the multivariate analysis, predictors of a positive step A (resting diastolic blood pressure (BP), p = 0.030, resting WMA index, p = 0.007), step B (taking β-blockers, p = 0.035; left ventricular (LV) mass index, p = 0.005), step C (increase in systolic BP (SBP), p = 0.011; increase in LV end-diastolic volume, p = 0.019; increase in LV ejection fraction, p = 0.008), and step D (taking angiotensin II receptor blockers, p = 0.026; increase in SBP, p = 0.012; increase in LV force, p = 0.038) were revealed.
Conclusion. Identification of predictors of WMA during exercise, subclinical pulmonary congestion, and a decrease in CR and CorR in patients with previous MI may be a target for therapeutic intervention in order to delay the development of adverse cardiovascular events.

Aim. To identify associations of visceral adipose tissue adipokines with metabolic disorders in abdominal obesity.
Materials and methods. The study included 101 individuals aged 25–65 years (51 men). For all patients, questionnaires were completed, anthropometric measurements and 3 measurements of blood pressure were performed, fasting blood was sampled, and biopsies of visceral adipose tissue were collected during elective surgery. The parameters of the lipid profile and glucose levels were determined in the blood by enzymatic methods. Homogenates from biopsies of visceral adipose tissue were prepared. The blood levels of adiponectin, adipsin, lipocalin-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), and resistin were measured, and homogenates of adipose tissue were obtained by the multiplex analysis. Sex hormone levels in the blood of all patients (estradiol in women, testosterone in men) were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.
Results. We identified correlations between serum levels of adipsin and adipose tissue and between adipsin from adipose tissue and PAI-1 in the blood serum. A weak negative relationship was found between the level of adiponectin and waist circumference, body mass index, and insulin resistance indices: triglyceride glucose index (TyG), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI). The level of adiponectin in visceral adipose tissue was inversely correlated with overweight in males and in the 45–65 age group. The level of resistin in visceral adipose tissue showed an inverse correlation with diastolic blood pressure, which persisted in the age group of 25–44 years.
Conclusion. Of the studied adipokines, a relationship with cardiometabolic parameters was shown for adiponectin and resistin. At the same time, adiponectin was inversely correlated with overweight in the group of men and in the age group of 45–65 years, while resistin was inversely correlated with diastolic blood pressure in the age group of 25–44 years.

Numerous studies addressing the fundamental aspects of atherosclerosis emphasize the importance of systematically organizing the accumulated data. The second part of this lecture provides an analysis of the critical mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis. This analysis includes a discussion on the roles of inflammasomes, hemodynamic disorders within the vascular wall, vasa vasorum pathology, endothelial cell dysfunction, matrix metalloproteinases, and the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways in the process of atherogenesis. Additionally, it explores the specific characteristics of the pathogenesis of vascular calcification associated with atherosclerosis. A dedicated section thoroughly reviews contemporary pharmacotherapeutic strategies for managing atherogenic dyslipidemia. A comprehensive analysis of current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, along with promising approaches to drug therapy, will facilitate the identification of future research directions within the field of lipidology. This endeavor has the potential to elevate preventive cardiology to a new standard.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and atherosclerosis is considered as the primary pathological process responsible for their development. Numerous studies have shown that high levels of low-density lipoproteins in the blood are one of the most significant risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis.
Various models using both small and large animals, including genetically modified models – transgenic and knockout animals – are used to study the atherogenic process. Studies on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis commonly combine an atherogenic diet with genetic manipulations. However, none of the available models is ideal, as each has its own advantages and limitations in reproducing the lipoprotein profile and the extent of atherosclerosis compared to human cases.
This review presents literature data on modern models of hyperlipidemia in the most frequently studied laboratory animals: mice, rats, and rabbits.

The lecture considers a place of food allergy in the profile of allergic and, in particular, atopic diseases and its features, distinguishing this pathology from all other allergies. Three classes of food allergens are characterized, and sensitization to them involving cells and regulatory molecules, such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, cytokines, and others mediators, is described in detail.
At the current level of science, the mechanisms of oral tolerance and the causes of its breakdown are considered, resulting in clinical manifestations of food allergies, characterized by high polymorphism and complexity of diagnosis. Not only is a high rate of comorbidity of food allergies emphasized, but also its exceptional risks are pinpointed in terms of the development of anaphylactic shock, which is a difficult issue to explain in nutrition and digestion. The final part of the lecture is devoted to current and future therapeutic interventions in this pathology.

Intermittent hypoxia – hyperoxia therapy with individually dosed gas levels (ReOxy therapy) is a modification of the long-known method of intermittent normobaric hypoxia training. Currently, ReOxy therapy can be considered as an addition to physical training in programs of cardiological rehabilitation, primary and secondary prevention of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, as well as an alternative to physical exercises if it is impossible to perform them.
This review examines the pathogenetic rationale, differences from traditional intermittent hypoxia training, and clinical prospects for the use of intermittent hypoxia – hyperoxia therapy in cardiovascular diseases.

Omics technologies, including proteomics and metabolomics approaches, provide promising opportunities to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring of the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Integration of these advanced research areas into clinical medicine not only allows for a more in-depth assessment of the pathogenesis of IBD, but also opens avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies adapted to individual patient profiles and patient cohorts.
The lecture analyzes trends in the identification of biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity that can be used both for diagnosis and prognosis of the course of IBD subtypes, and for predicting the response to therapy, which, ultimately, will contribute not only to improved treatment outcomes, but also to an increase in the quality of life of patients.
The authors conducted a non-systematic, descriptive review of the literature with a search depth of 10 years, aimed at systematizing data on the achievements of proteomics and metabolomics approaches for the diagnosis, monitoring of the IBD course, and personalization of therapeutic strategies. The search for literary references was carried out using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, and RSCI databases.
The analysis of the results of experimental and clinical studies allowed to identify a number of biomarkers – candidates for testing and potential implementation in routine clinical practice. Convincing data were obtained on the potential benefits of integrating proteomics and metabolomics studies with other omics approaches. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach combining the results of clinical studies with modern approaches in bioinformatics and molecular biology for the development of more effective diagnostic tools and strategies is obvious.

Impaired fatty acid (FA) metabolism may be an important factor that increases the development and progression of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, most of the research focuses on studying the influence of classification groups of FA. Therefore, the aim of this lecture was to present both pro- and antiatherogenic functions of each FA. This paper considers up-to-date information about the effects of saturated (myristic (C 14:0), palmitic (C 16:0), stearic (C 18:0)), monounsaturated (palmitoleic (C 16:1), oleic (C 18:1)), and polyunsaturated (linoleic (C 18:2 omega-6), alpha-linolenic (C 18:3, omega-3), dihomo-gamma-linolenic (C 20:3, omega-6), arachidonic (C 20:4, omega-6), eicosapentaenoic (C 20:5 omega-3), docosahexaenoic (C 22:6 omega-3)) FAs on CVD. The accumulated data expand the understanding of the role of FAs in metabolic processes, which will allow us to move from fundamental research to practical aspects of the use of these substances in the treatment of CVD. In the future, these results can be used in the interpretation and prediction of changes in lipid metabolism disorders in CVD.

The article is devoted to the history of the Pathology Department of the Siberian State Medical University, which will celebrate its 135th anniversary on May 6, 2025, since its foundation and opening within the framework of the Siberian Imperial University established in 1878. The article presents and describes the most important historical events and achievements in scientific and pedagogical activities, as well as in practical medical and diagnostic work.
The Pathology Department has always occupied a leading and strong position among the strongest and most authoritative Departments of the University. Traditionally, from the moment the department was founded and to this day, teachers have been engaged in practical clinical activities, combine the teaching process with the full-time work of a pathologist, conduct autopsies and intravital diagnostics, examining biopsy and surgical material.